Cryptocurrency/Blockchain Glossary - Cryptopedia

Cryptopedia, a glossary of cryptocurrency (crypto assets) and blockchain terms that is easy to understand even for beginners of cryptocurrencies. Contains more than 300 words in total, including not only people and companies active in the virtual currency and blockchain industry, but also technical terms related to market analysis and trading. Please use it as a virtual currency dictionary.

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IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

Currently, each US government agency has a different view on virtual currency. In it, the IRS argues that by treating cryptocurrencies as assets, the gains on the sale of cryptocurrencies are taxable. In addition, if the bitcoin obtained by mining is sold, it will be taxed between 15% and 20% depending on the scale. In addition, the IRS has asked several major cryptocurrency exchanges for information on who transacted more than $20,000 between 2013 and 2016 to combat tax evasion.

IEO

IEO is an abbreviation for Initial Exchange Offering, a method of raising funds using virtual currency such as ICO (Initial Coin Offering). is one.

The big difference from ICO is that the investor does not directly supply funds to the developer, but mediates the virtual currency exchange in the meantime. Funds are raised (sold virtual currency) via a virtual currency exchange, so investors need to open an account on the exchange. Exchanges, on the other hand, act as a kind of regulator to allow IEOs only for promising projects. In addition, the more users of the exchange, the greater the promotion effect of the project, so the development team can promote the project more efficiently. There are merits such as being able to save the trouble of rigorously scrutinizing virtual currency-related projects that have many investors. In this way, while some say that IEOs can provide a healthier development environment than ICOs, where projects have stalled and fraudulent practices have been rampant, exchanges will serve as new credit institutions to boost the development of the cryptocurrency industry. There are also voices that point out the centralized nature of doing things. Another funding method is STO (Security Token Offering).

IOTA

IOTA is a type of cryptocurrency designed for use in the Internet of Things (IoT).

It allows for secure trading and exchange of data streams, requiring no fees or miners to maintain operations. IOTA aims to remove the problems of major cryptocurrencies such as scalability issues, mining costs and slow transaction speeds. Iota cannot have a Turing complete language in its system, making it very different from Ethereum and NEO.

As the world moves toward a machine-to-machine interaction ecosystem, IOTA defines itself as the crypto platform that facilitates these transactions. In theory, IOTA's network is considered to be the best platform for "IoT." Platforms without transaction fees are better suited for machine-to-machine communication. IOTA's coin, MIOTA, is one of the major ones in the cryptocurrency market, and the fact that many transactions are taking place is considered to support IOTA's idea.

Adam Back

Adam Back is a British computer scientist and cryptographer born in 1970. He is famous as the creator of PoW (Proof of Work), the mining algorithm used in Bitcoin. The algorithm called "Hashcash" developed by Mr. Buck was used as a countermeasure against spam, which was regarded as a problem in the email that spread rapidly in the 1990s. continues to function to this day. It can be said that his contribution to the cryptocurrency industry is great, as PoW has been adopted by many other cryptocurrencies. He is still active at the forefront of Bitcoin development.

ICO (Initial Coin Offering)

ICO (Initial Coin Offering) is a method of raising funds using the issuance of new cryptocurrencies, which is called IPO (initial public offering) in the stock market. similar to the method. A term that can also be understood in the sense of new virtual currency disclosure.

The difference from IPO is that individuals and companies can directly raise funds online without going through an auditing agency such as a securities company. While the issuing side can keep the cost of raising funds low, it does not give enough credit, so there are many cases of reversal or fraudulent purposes in the first place, so it is necessary to be careful when investing in ICOs. It is believed that There is also a fundraising method called STO, which was developed to eliminate the risks of ICOs.

Also recommended: The FBI has established the characteristics and methods of ICO fraud What are the points investors should be aware of?

ICON (icon / ICX)

ICON is a type of virtual currency and is a virtual currency platform designed to connect various blockchains. This is achieved by allowing blockchains to interact with each other through smart contracts. The developers define ICON as an attempt to build one global decentralized network that encompasses all other decentralized networks.

Icon is best described by the term "blockchain of blockchains." Icons have many unique features not often found in other projects. ICON leverages artificial intelligence for its distribution policy and also provides a decentralized exchange by connecting independent blockchains with its token, ICX. It also provides a platform for building new DApps (decentralized applications).

Icons allow different communities to coexist within a network of icons, each maintaining their own consensus protocol. Users of this network have equal rights to each other and vote in determining adjustments to transaction policies in icons.

IBM

IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) is an IT-related company founded in 1911 and based in New York, USA.

Its history began with the development of electronic computers, and the founder, Herman Hollerith, was instrumental in the development of electronic computers as a statistician. One of the companies that has contributed greatly to the development and popularization of PCs since the 1960s. Even now, many patents have been obtained in both the hardware and software divisions, and as a large company that leads the IT sector, it has a great influence in various fields.

IBM is one of the big companies that are actively working on the blockchain field, developing the IBM Blockchain World Wire, an international remittance protocol, and the IBM Blockchain Platform, a cloud service for companies.

IP address

IP address is a number assigned to identify an individual on the Internet, and is an IT term widely used not only for virtual currency. It is used to prevent troubles such as mistaking the other party when exchanging data on the Internet. IP addresses are assigned to devices such as individual computers and smartphones.

However, rather than all devices having a unique IP address, it is generally assigned by the provider, so the IP address will change each time you change the line. In English, Internet Protocol Address.

RSI

RSI stands for Relative Strength Index. Translated as relative strength index in Japanese. An indicator that shows the strength of market price movements over a certain period of time. The RSI 50% is the equilibrium for rising and falling, and moves between 0 and 100%. Above 50% indicates an upward trend, and above 70% indicates overbought (sell signal). Below 50% indicates a downward trend, and below 30% indicates oversold (buy signal).

It is said that it works well in markets with little movement or consolidation, so you need to be careful when a big trend occurs.

R3

R3 is a company that applies blockchain technology to the financial industry. Established in 2014, it conducts global business development based in New York. Japan's SBI Holdings is involved as the largest external shareholder, and the two companies are making concerted efforts to reform the financial industry.

R3 had a long court battle with Ripple Lab over the option to purchase XRP tokens, but settled in September 2018. After that, R3 decided to use XRP as a payment method in the settlement application called Corda Settler, which R3 is developing.

Atomic Swap

Atomic swap is a term that describes a technology that exchanges different types of virtual currency without going through a third party such as an exchange.

Direct exchange of virtual currency on the network has the risk of illicit transactions such as taking it away, so it is common to exchange it through a third party such as through an exchange. Transactions through third parties also carry risks such as hacking damage. Atomic swaps are not compatible with all cryptocurrencies, but they are attracting attention as a technology that can safely execute direct cryptocurrency exchanges and reduce conventional trading risks.

Address

An address is a randomly generated string that indicates the source or place of receipt of virtual currency. It is the account number of an individual's account in a bank, and by identifying where the money was withdrawn and where it was deposited, the money can be accurately grasped and executed.

Similarly, virtual currency uses a wallet address managed by an individual to accurately send and receive virtual currency. However, due to the characteristics of virtual currency (anyone can see the transaction history), it is recommended to change the address for each transaction, and some wallets automatically generate an address for each transaction.

Altcoin

Altcoin stands for Alternative Coin. A general term for virtual currencies other than Bitcoin. Typical altcoins include Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), Litecoin (LTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), and Monacoin (MONA). Compared to Bitcoin, its price fluctuates relatively quickly and its volatility is high. There are also exchanges that can perform FX targeting altcoins like DMM Bitcoin.

AntPool

AntPool is a mining pool under the auspices of Bitmain, a major mining industry company. be.

A mining pool is a form of mining in which multiple miners share a hash rate, jointly mine, and share rewards, and one of the largest is AntPool.

AntPool features not only an overwhelming hash rate, but also a wide variety of cryptocurrencies that can be mined. As of 2018, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ethereum Classic (ETC), Zcash (Zcash), Dash (DASH), Siacoin (SC) is mining.

ERC20

ERC20 is an abbreviation for Ethereum Request for Comments: Token Standard #20 (No. 20 Ethereum Token Standard Proposal). A standard for tokens that can be issued and used on the Ethereum platform. Tokens issued according to the ERC20 standard are called ERC20 tokens.

Before ERC20 was developed, developers had to create tokens from scratch, and it was not easy for purchasers and exchanges to manage multiple technically different tokens (differences in programming languages, etc.). Therefore, in addition to the need to own multiple different wallets, it was difficult to determine the safety of tokens. ERC20 has made it possible to create and manage tokens under a unified standard, and ERC20 tokens have made it possible to propose and implement many projects using tokens.

Also See: What Is Ethereum's ERC20 Token?

EOS (EOS / EOS)

EOS is a platform for building decentralized applications and is a type of virtual currency. It is estimated that a transaction speed of 100,000 transactions or more per second is necessary for the general spread of virtual currency, and the current virtual currency cannot support such a transaction speed. It is clear that it is a hindrance. In order to ensure the future potential of such virtual currency, EOS has the characteristics of significantly increasing the transaction speed and not incurring transaction fees, making it effective for use by companies with large transaction volumes.

EOS was issued in the ERC20 standard, which is the Ethereum platform, at the time of the ICO, but in 2018 after the end, it moved to its own blockchain.

Ethereum (Ethereum / ETH)

Ethereum is a type of virtual currency. Blockchain technology is attracting attention as a next-generation virtual currency that can not only issue and manage virtual currencies, but also create and link various services as a platform with functions to build programs without intermediaries.

The main feature is "smart contract". You can manage not just the flow of money, but the flow of contracts faster, cheaper and more transparent. ERC20 tokens issued using Ethereum are also popular for ICOs.

Ethereum has had multiple updates, and in the past has had major updates called Frontier, Homestead, and Metropolis. The next update, called Serenity, is rumored to be the final update, and it is rumored that this update will change from PoW to PoS.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) stands for Ethereum Virtual Machine and replaces the programming language used on Ethereum with a language that computers can understand. Device. The Ethereum virtual machine will allow you to run decentralized applications (DApps) that run on Ethereum.

EEA (Ethereum Enterprise Alliance)

EEA (Ethereum Enterprise Alliance) stands for Enterprise Ethereum Alliance. Its main activities are to promote the use of Ethereum by companies, and to provide support and collaboration between companies. Nearly 500 companies are members, and large companies such as Microsoft, Intel, Toyota Motor Corporation, and NTT are also members of the EEA.

Because information on the blockchain is published and shared on the network, using Ethereum for companies is not suitable for product development. However, it is expected to share standards and promote cooperative development among companies. It is also expected that Ethereum will function by connecting the rules and standards established in the existing society with the form of decentralized management of society.

Ethereum Classic (Ethereum Classic / ETC)

Ethereum Classic is a type of virtual currency. A cryptocurrency created as a result of a hard fork of Ethereum. The Dao incident triggered this hard fork.

The Dao is one of the projects using Ethereum, and it was an epoch-making project at the time (ICO) that raised funds based on virtual currency, and attracted a lot of attention. However, a flaw in the system that builds The Dao was hacked, stealing a lot of the Ethereum collected for the project. This has exposed the immaturity and limitations of decentralized organizational management.

Due to the characteristics of virtual currency, mutual consent is required to recover the currency once it is in the hands of others. However, the hackers did not easily give up their hard-earned stolen currency, and Ethereum came up with a solution, but failed to reach consensus, leading to a hard fork. The current Ethereum branched off from the blockchain where the stolen Ethereum was recorded, and it is assumed that Ethereum was not stolen on this blockchain. On the other hand, Ethereum Classic is the successor to the existing blockchain. Therefore, there is little functional difference between the two cryptocurrencies.

EMA (Exponential Moving Average)

EMA stands for Exponential Moving Average. It is translated as exponential moving average line in Japanese. The simple moving average (SMA) can accurately grasp the current market trend, but it has the disadvantage that the action on the trend after the present is inevitably delayed.

The EMA was devised as an indicator that responds sensitively to the latest trends by weighting recent price movements and reducing the weight of past price movements. It is useful as a technical analysis indicator that can compensate for the shortcomings of SMA. Similar to SMA, we will analyze using EMA with different periods.

Board

The board displays buy and sell orders for stocks and bonds traded on the market, and displays the current trading price and trading volume. . With board information, you can know in real time which stocks are promising or dangerous. It is especially useful for short-term investors.

Come here (come here)

Come here is a phenomenon in which the market price, which has risen or fallen once, returns to its original value in a short period of time. It is a term used in financial products in general, and is often seen in markets that are sensitive to long-term uncertainties such as comments from influential people. It is also written as "Come back".

ETF

ETF stands for Exchange Traded Founds. Since it is an investment trust linked to major indices such as the Tokyo Stock Price Index (TOPIX), Nikkei Stock Average, gold and crude oil, it is easy to understand price movements, and it is an investment target with less risk than investing in individual stocks. is. In the field of cryptocurrencies, the SEC has filed numerous applications for bitcoin ETFs, but none of them have been approved.

ETN

ETN (Exchange Traded Note) is a financial product whose price is linked to a specific index (stock index, commodity price, etc.). A similar financial product is an ETF.

While ETFs hold stocks to be tracked as a backing of credit, in the case of ETNs, the issuer (financial institution) does not hold the underlying assets, and the price is linked to a specific index. guaranteed. Therefore, the issuer itself becomes the backing of credibility. Therefore, ETN may be abolished depending on the issuer's credit rating or financial situation.

Because the issuer guarantees credit, it is also a major feature that it is possible to target stocks and products (emerging country stocks, agricultural products, etc.) that are difficult to hold physical assets. Also known as “listed investment securities” or “index-linked securities”.

Also See: ETN vs ETF: What's the Difference? Which do investors expect?

Moving average line divergence rate

This is to see how much the price diverges from the moving average line. and captures the divergence level, which has been conscious many times in the past, as a profit-taking signal (trading signal).

Locusts

Locusts is a term used to describe short-term investors who jump on the rise in stock prices and sell in the blink of an eye. An expression likened to the appearance of locusts forming groups and devouring crops in an instant. Locust-infested stocks surge and fall in the short term. The chart that depicts this situation is called the "Locust Tower."

IIN

IIN stands for Interbank Information Network. A cross-border interbank remittance network built by JPMorgan (JP Morgan) using blockchain technology. There is also a view that it is a competitor of SWIFT and Ripple, a major international remittance company. IIN is run by Quorum, JP Morgan’s proprietary platform built on Ethereum. As of May 2019, nearly 220 banks have joined the IIN, which began its pilot operation in 2017. It aims to improve business efficiency by improving the speed and fees of interbank remittances.

Income Gain

Income Gain is a term that refers to regular income obtained by holding assets.

For example, in the case of stock investment, regular dividends and shareholder benefits are income gains by holding stocks. On the other hand, income from stock trading is classified as capital gain, not income gain. Others include deposits and rental income. In the case of virtual currency, there are cases where it can be obtained by owning assets such as PoS currency, and income gain can be obtained by using the lending services provided by coin check and bit bank, which are virtual currency exchanges. can be done.

On the other hand, regarding income gain, there is always an argument that the loss due to foreign exchange gains is greater than the compound interest reward, so it is dangerous to simply think that you can make money just by holding it.

Insider trading

Insider trading is a criminal act in which an individual or group attempts to illegally gain profits by misusing inside information. By predicting stock price trends based on confidential internal information that outsiders cannot know, and trading on the stock market before the information is disclosed, it is possible to easily obtain a large profit. However, these actions are punishable by law as actions that significantly impair the functioning of the market, rather than the profits that can be obtained as a result of fair trading. In this way, most of the acts that go against market principles are crimes.

Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)

Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) is a major electronic exchange that handles spot and derivatives, and the operating company of those exchanges. Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

ICE has grown by selling high-speed trading through electronic exchanges using the Internet, and currently owns the world's leading exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange and also operates a settlement institution. He is also active in the virtual currency industry, launching a virtual currency trading company “Bakkt” and announcing that it will conduct physical delivery Bitcoin futures trading.

Inflation

Inflation is a term that refers to a sustained rise in prices (the prices of goods and services) that occurs over a period of time. Abbreviation for inflation.

Inflation is generally thought of as a phenomenon that supports real economic growth. This is due to the fact that the balance between supply and demand in the market collapses due to increased demand due to the booming economy, pushing up the prices of goods and services. On the supply side, aggressive economic activities are encouraged, such as capital investment to increase production. It also raises the demand side through rising incomes and so on. As a result, continuous price increases are achieved and the scale of the economy expands.

Inflation, on the other hand, is also used in negative contexts. A rise in prices can be translated into a fall in the value of money. In other words, the price of goods and services may nominally rise as a result of a decline in the credibility of money. In this case, inflation is rather used as an indicator of abnormalities in economic activity. Historically, the German currency mark after World War I and the Venezuelan currency more recently have fallen into such a phenomenon. In addition, the state in which the inflation rises sharply is called "hyperinflation", and it represents the crisis situation of the currency control system and the economic activity of the country.

The Winklevoss Brothers

The Winklevoss twins are Taylor Winklevoss and Cameron Winklevoss, American twins who are active globally as entrepreneurs, managers, and investors. When he was at Harvard, he was friends with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and provided technical support for his concept. After that, the Winklevoss brothers filed a lawsuit against him and used the compensation they received to enter the cryptocurrency industry.

They built a huge amount of wealth through cryptocurrency investment and contributed to the development of cryptocurrency by investing in cryptocurrency-related projects and starting their own businesses. Energetic activities such as managing the venture capital Winklevoss Capital, establishing the virtual currency exchange “Gemini”, and applying for a Bitcoin ETF to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) always attract attention beyond the virtual currency industry. Collecting.

Weiss Rating

Weiss Rating is an American independent rating agency that rates financial products such as stocks and insurance. The agency also rates cryptocurrencies, ranging from A (very good) to E (very bad).

Waves

Waves is a type of virtual currency. It is a blockchain platform developed with the aim of providing users with the opportunity to create new custom tokens.

This token can be used to create loyalty programs, in-app currency, and conduct ICOs. Waves will add new tokens and transaction types as plugins in addition to the core software. This feature eliminates the need for users to update software each time a new token is added to the blockchain. The new tokens will be redeemable on Waves' Decentralized Exchanges (DEX).

DEX reduces various risks. For example, since funds are stored directly in the wallet, hacking the DEX would be futile. Also, there is no central control that can freeze accounts and transactions. All tokens constructed on Waves are exchangeable in pairs with other tokens on Waves. Waves claims that we are close to becoming the fastest blockchain in the world.

Web 3.0

Web 3.0 refers to the block that supports virtual currency, from Web 1.0 in the early days of the Internet to Web 2.0 where giant companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon are active today. A name for a new web system that uses chain technology.

Currently, communication through a server provided by a third party is the most efficient and widely used method to build credibility and relationships of trust on the Internet. What these companies have in common is that they find value in information and buy and sell it. It can be said that consumers sell personal information and purchase high-quality and convenient services. However, in recent years, due to information leaks and large-scale hacking damage, there is a limit to the protection of personal information by a single company (server). is being proven. In contrast, the blockchain technology used in Web 3.0 is expected to enable the provision of high-quality and convenient services as before, while strengthening the protection of personal information and reducing the necessary information disclosure as much as possible. there is

Under a non-centralized structure, realization of trustless transactions, increase in sharing economy, efficiency of resource distribution brought about by it, development of encryption technology, prevention of personal information leakage due to decentralized management, etc. It is possible to improve security against unauthorized access and provide uninterrupted service (realization of zero downtime).

webbot

Webbot is a term that refers to a program that automatically predicts future trends in the cryptocurrency market. Created by former Microsoft consultant Cliff High. Extract information about virtual currency from SNS, analyze it as emotional data, and predict the future of the virtual currency market. In the past, the results were reported on YouTube, but in order to avoid affecting the market, they are now sold together in reports. Its high hit rate seems to be widely recognized, and it is attracting attention as an analysis tool for the virtual currency market.

Occupy Wall Street

The Occupy Wall Street is a popular protest movement on Wall Street in New York. After the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008, the United States and the rest of the world were hit by a wave of recession, and the unemployment rate increased.

The origin of the problem was an excessive bubble, and the first place where dissatisfaction with the financial world that led it was manifested in action was Wall Street, one of the world's leading financial districts. With the slogan "Occupy Wall Street," the movement spread throughout the world, raising questions about the distortions of modern society, such as the fragility of the financial system, unequal distribution of wealth, and poverty. . Combined with such a social situation, virtual currency has attracted attention and has been expected as one of the solutions. It is also written as the OWS movement by taking the initials.

Warren Buffett

Warren Buffett (English: Warren Edward Buffett) is an American investor and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, the world's largest investment company. He is a legendary figure in the investment world who built up a huge fortune through stock investment.

While consistently showing a negative view on bitcoin and virtual currency, he has a positive view on blockchain technology.

Wallet

Wallet is a wallet-like function that stores and manages virtual currency. Since all virtual currency data itself is stored on the blockchain, strictly speaking, it is a place that stores and manages the private key (encryption) for accessing the data of that currency.

There are two types of wallets: hot wallets that manage virtual currency online and cold wallets that manage offline. Considering security, offline cold wallets have zero risk of being hacked. There is a risk of effectively losing virtual currency (= self-gox) in the form of not being able to use it even though you have it. The hot wallet, on the other hand, has no risk of loss and offers the convenience of easy access to cryptocurrencies for transactions and purchases.

If you are thinking about long-term holding, you need to keep in mind risk diversification such as a cold wallet, and a hot wallet if you are going to buy and sell frequently.

Also recommended: Explain the security of cryptocurrency wallets!

ViaBTC

ViaBTC is one of the largest mining pools in the world. Founded in 2016 by Haipo Yang. Along with AntPool and BTC.com led by Bitmainga, it is a major mining pool in China. The share of bitcoin mining is always ranked high and has a great influence on the bitcoin market. In 2017, he established CoinEx, an exchange that uses BCH as its key currency, and has grown to become one of the world's largest exchanges. The company also issues its own token, ViaBTC Token (VIAT).

Vitalik Buterin

Vitalik Buterin is Russian-Canadian and the founder of Ethereum and Coinmagazine.

Vitalik learned about Bitcoin in 2011 when he was 17 and was fascinated by the idea. He soon got around to improving Bitcoin and came up with the idea of ​​a scripting language for developing applications on the Bitcoin platform. His idea didn't get buy-in, but he pushed forward with his concept and created Ethereum.

Ethereum is an open-source blockchain platform featuring smart contracts After the failure of the previous Ethereum-powered project "The DAO," Ethereum split into two blockchains, Ethereum and Ethereum Classic. Ethereum Classic runs on the original blockchain, while Ethereum is based on the new blockchain. Vitalik's remarks have received a lot of attention in the crypto media, and he is one of the world's most influential people, according to Forbes and FORTUNE.

VIX (Vicks / Fear Index)

VIX stands for Volatility Index. One of the indicators that index investor sentiment, also known as the volatility index. The VIX rises when uncertainty and uncertainty about the future of the market increases. It is calculated using futures trading and option trading values ​​that are traded by predicting future market trends. The VIX is used not only for virtual currencies but also for exchanges around the world as a basis for determining market trends, and the most famous index is the S&P500 option trading, which is an American stock index. Japan also has the Nikkei Volatility Index.

Vechain (Vechain / VCN)

Vechain is a virtual currency issued (ICO at ERC20) on the Ethereum blockchain. A platform operated by the Chinese company BitSE to determine the authenticity of products (determine whether they are fake or genuine). By embedding an IoT encryption chip based on blockchain technology into the product, it is possible to perform quality control and tracking of the product.

Airdrop

Airdrop is a term that refers to the distribution of virtual currency for free by the developer of a certain project. Recognition of the project, participation and cooperation are sought, and virtual currency is distributed free of charge in return.

There are mainly two types of distribution methods, one is a method of airdropping according to the holding amount of a certain virtual currency, and the other is a person who has applied in advance under a predetermined distribution date. How to airdrop against. An ICO can be considered similar, but since ICOs are paid distributions of cryptocurrencies to raise funds, holders of the currency will suffer financial losses if the project fails. On the other hand, in the case of airdrops, the virtual currency can be received for free, so the holders of the virtual currency can recognize, participate, and cooperate with the project without financial risk.

HTLC

HTLC stands for Hashed Time Lock Contract. A technology for safely sending and receiving virtual currency through a third party with no trust relationship. There are soaring transaction fees and declining transaction speeds in virtual currency transactions. Off-chain transactions that do not use the main chain are performed to resolve them. At that time, HTLC is used as a technology to ensure the transaction. Using a hash function, which is one of the cryptographic technologies, the sender passes the hashed virtual currency information to the intermediary, and the transaction between the intermediary and the recipient is completed within a predetermined time limit (time lock). If not established, the virtual currency will be returned to the sender. Along with multisig, it is one of the technologies used in the Lightning Network.

API

API stands for Application Programming Interface. Publishing the specifications of a function so that a part of an application (app) can be shared and enabling cooperation with another application.

When developing an app, it takes a huge amount of time and effort to build a program from scratch and gather users. Therefore, by utilizing some of the functions provided by existing apps, it is possible not only to facilitate the development of apps, but also to contribute to user convenience and the promotion of technological development. As a result, everyone involved in the app can enjoy the benefits. Currently, APIs are widely used for application development and supplementing website functions, such as Instagram, which applies Facebook's API, and Google Maps API, which displays maps on personal websites. It is

Escrow

Escrow is an intermediary service to secure transactions. In a transaction between two parties who do not have a relationship of trust, after the seller delivers the product, payment may not be made (the product may be taken away), or vice versa. difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to have a third-party agency intervene in the transaction and provide a service that guarantees the security of the transaction. In virtual currency transactions, it is difficult to judge whether the other party is truly trustworthy or not. Technologies for performing escrow are being developed every day, and a representative one is multisig.

SEC (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)

SEC stands for Securities and Exchange Commission. Used as an abbreviation for the US Securities and Exchange Commission.

This government agency was created by Congress in 1934 and is now the central body that controls and regulates all activity in the securities markets. To accomplish its mission of creating transparency, the SEC requires public companies and other regulated companies to file quarterly and annual reports. These reports detail the operating conditions for each period and are all available to the public.

One of the SEC's major mandates these days is to investigate the cryptocurrency market and related investment institutions. This is to detect illegal activities such as selling securities under the guise of tokens.

SHA2-256

SHA2-256 is one of the most popular hash functions in the cryptocurrency industry. Hash values ​​collide (the problem that the converted hash values ​​are equal even though the original data converted to hash values ​​are different) The probability is 1 in 2 to the 256th power, which is an astronomical number and practical One of the hash functions whose value is widely recognized.

SMA

SMA stands for Simple Moving Average. It is translated as a simple moving average line in Japanese, but it is common to call it a moving average line. One of the most popular technical analysis methods devised by Joseph Granville in the 1960s.

Used to spot long-term market up, down, and stagnation trends. It is calculated based on the average price (closing price) over a certain period of time. By changing the width of the period, the moving average line is calculated for each short term, medium term, and long term, and analysis is performed using them. The “golden cross”, which is a sign to buy, and the “dead cross”, which is a sign to sell, are derived from analysis using these moving averages.

SBI Virtual Currencies

SBI Virtual Currencies is a wholly owned subsidiary of the SBI Group established in 2016. It is registered as a virtual currency exchange service provider specified by the Financial Services Agency and operates the Japanese virtual currency exchange VCTRADE. In VCTRADE, in addition to virtual currency transactions, you can use a card-type wallet called COOL X Wallet.

ASIC

ASIC stands for Application Specific Integrated Circuit. It is a type of electronic component (IC chip), and in the context of virtual currency, it is recognized as a hardware that is mounted on a PC specialized for manning.

Xrapid

Xrapid is a service provided by Ripple. By using Ripple as a bridge currency that bridges various currencies, it is possible to realize cheaper and faster international remittances than before, and a system that attempts to build a global financial network.

Aeternity (Eternity / AE)

Eternity is a type of virtual currency based on Ethereum.

The purpose of Eternity is to improve the scalability of smart contracts and decentralized applications. This is done by decoupling the smart contract procedure from the blockchain and incorporating it into the private channels of the intermediaries involved in the contract. This reduces the burden on the main blockchain. In addition, since all information is kept in a private chain, it is also effective in protecting privacy.

Eternity also has a decentralized oracle function, and it is possible to import external data as internal data while maintaining the validity of the data. Eternity uses Cuckoo Cycle, a hybrid algorithm between PoW (Proof of Work) and PoS (Proof of Stake). We are also focusing on bringing mobile users into our network.

NVIDIA

NVIDIA is a semiconductor manufacturer founded in 1993 and based in California, USA. Mainly manufactures and sells GPUs (image processing semiconductors). One of the co-founders, Mr. Zhen Sun Huang (Huang Ren-Hun), will serve as president and CEO. Nvidia, which manufactures GPUs used in mining, has attracted attention as its sales have increased along with the rise in the cryptocurrency market. On the other hand, when the market cooled, the company was hit and faced a situation where the stock price fell sharply. Softbank used to hold shares in the company as a shareholder, but sold it due to deteriorating business performance.

FRB

FRB stands for The Federal Reserve Board. In Japan, it is translated as the Federal Reserve Board. It corresponds to the highest decision-making body of the FRS (Federal Reserve System) in the United States, and is equivalent to the Bank of Japan in Japan and the European Central Bank in the EU.

The Federal Reserve is an independent private sector company that oversees the district Federal Reserve Banks located in 12 major US cities and is located in Washington, D.C., the US capital. With the right to issue dollars, it can carry out monetary policy that has a great influence not only on the US economy but also on the world economy, and the Fed's movements are always watched.

FATF (Financial Action Task Force)

FATF stands for Financial Action Task Force. In order to expose funds used for criminal purposes, such as anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing measures, and to prevent terrorism and drug trafficking, multilateral legislation should be coordinated and international cooperation should be promoted. Intergovernmental meetings to measure.

Since it was established at the Arche Summit (government summit) held in Paris in 1989, it has been pointed out that the Japanese government and financial institutions are lagging behind in the development of laws against money laundering and terrorism. have been making improvements. Due to the expansion of the virtual currency market and its characteristics, the potential for it to become a hotbed for money laundering and terrorist financing has increased, and the FATF has been attracting attention by arguing the necessity of formulating regulatory rules for virtual currencies.

FOMC

FOMC stands for Federal Open Market Committee. In Japanese, it translates to the Federal Open Market Commission. A committee that gathers members of the Federal Reserve Board and governors of the Federal Reserve Banks in each district and discusses the policy of monetary policy in the United States. It is held eight times a year, approximately every six weeks. The FOMC judges the economic situation in the United States and considers decisions on raising or lowering policy interest rates. The FOMC, which influences the future trend of the dollar, always attracts high attention worldwide.

FBI

The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) is one of the police agencies in the United States. The Japanese translation is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Responsible for criminal acts related to national security, such as terrorism and espionage, and wide-ranging, high-impact incidents spanning multiple states.

Unlike Japan, the United States is entrusted with security maintenance activities by each state. Each state's police can only investigate within their own state, and the FBI will be responsible for wide-ranging investigations that span multiple states. In this way, the FBI has investigative powers that are not bound by states and plays an important role in the security of the United States.

FUD

FUD is a negative campaign or marketing technique for a company or its products. FUD is an acronym for Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt. A marketing technique that takes advantage of the tendency of human psychology to lose credibility by reacting sensitively to a single negative evaluation, no matter how positive a company or product can be evaluated.

M-PESA

M-PESA is a mobile remittance and payment service. It is a service business like LINE Pay in Japan, and was launched by Safaricom, a telecommunications and telephone company based in Kenya.

In developing countries like Kenya, access to financial services was generally difficult, and many people (especially women) were unable to pass the screening process to open an account, which put some kind of brake on economic activity. I was calling However, with M-Pesa, not only can anyone save money safely without a bank account, but also remittances and payments can be made quickly, and it has been widely accepted by the Kenyan people. Currently, it is producing ripple effects such as paying utility bills and increasing opportunities for women to start businesses.

To date, M-Pesa has been widely used in the African region, and is expected to expand its service to Europe in the future. Among the 10 globally recognized private companies that received the Global Business and Development Award for their significant contribution to the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Goals was selected for

FOMO

FOMO is an abbreviation for Fear of missing out, a word that means "fear of being left behind". In the virtual currency community, it refers to the behavioral psychology of buying a stock because expectations for a stock's rise are high and people around them are buying it. It also refers to the psychological state of being overwhelmed by such anxiety.

Elliott Wave

Analyst Ralph Nelson Elliott discovered the market analysis method. A form of technical analysis that captures market cycles and the rhythm of price movements. The Elliott Wave reads alternating motive waves that drive the price trend and corrective waves that reverse.

A rising market is formed by continuous wave movements of rising → falling → rising → falling → rising, and then a falling market is formed by movements of falling → rising → falling "Five waves of rising and three waves of falling" indicates the cycle of price movements.

The Elliott Wave is known for hitting the Great Depression and Black Monday.

ErisX

ErisX is a cryptocurrency exchange based in the United States. Operated by Eris Exchange, licensed by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Virtual currency spot trading, not only bitcoin (BTC), but also major currencies such as bitcoin cash (BCH), ethereum (ETH), and litecoin (LTC). and aims to build a large-scale digital asset platform.

ErisX is only funded by major players in the existing financial industry, such as NASDAQ, US online brokerage firm TD Ameritrade, investment company DRW Holdings, Fidelity, NASDAQ Ventures, US derivatives exchange CBOE Global Markets, and high-speed trading operator Virtu Financial. In addition, Bitmain, ConsenSys, Monex Group, etc., which lead the virtual currency industry, have also invested.

It is expected to promote entry into the virtual currency market from the financial mainstream, and is regarded as an important growth factor for the future virtual currency market. Bakkt, which was established by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), is a company aiming for similar initiatives, and is considered to be a substantial competitor.

LVC Co., Ltd.

LVC Co., Ltd. is an affiliated company of Line Co., Ltd., a major SNS company, and is engaged in virtual currency and blockchain-related businesses. Registered as a cryptocurrency exchange in September 2019.

OTC Trading

OTC trading stands for Over The Counter. In Japanese, it is translated as over-the-counter trading and bilateral trading. In general, it is recognized as a transaction that does not go through an exchange or a transaction that is performed over the counter of a securities company. Similarly, in the virtual currency industry, it means that investors directly trade on a one-to-one basis, and sales transactions performed on virtual currency exchanges are also called OTC transactions.

In OTC trading, large investments can be made all at once, there is no intermediary, so it is possible to avoid situations where transactions are impossible due to server downs, etc., and complicated work such as pre-procedures and registration required for trading It has the advantage that it is not necessary. On the other hand, the wide spread (difference between the buying and selling price) makes it unfavorable for small-value transactions. There are also disadvantages such as how to trust the counterparty and the risk of fraud.

Okuribito

A billionaire is a person who has built up more than 100 million yen in assets through asset management such as stock investment and FX. In the cryptocurrency industry, there have been many people who have made large profits in a short period of time due to violent price fluctuations. It is There are similar words such as ``separation person'' and ``free sending person (jiyuokuribito = 1 billion libito)''.

Push (push)

Push (push) is a temporary drop seen in a market that shows an upward trend. When the price rises in a certain market, the rise does not rise by drawing a simple straight line or curve, but rises while a certain constant decline occurs in small steps. This small temporary drop is called a dip. Buying at the timing of this dip is called "buying dip".

Augur (Auger / REP)

Augur is one of the projects using Ethereum's smart contract. Augur is a future prediction market using smart contracts, and REP is the unit of currency used there.

The future prediction market is where you bet REP on whether a future event will happen right or wrong, and you will receive REP if your prediction is correct, and lose REP if your prediction is wrong. What is different from conventional gambling is that gambling without an organizer, called a body. Anyone can set the theme of gambling, and the role of collecting and distributing money is done by smart contracts, realizing fraud-free gambling. This technology is expected to be applied to insurance work such as whether or not a person will get sick in the future. Vitalik Buterin, the creator of Ethereum, is also involved in the development.

Overshoot

Overshoot is excessive market fluctuation. It is used for excessive market prices after considering technical analysis and indicators rather than individual predictions. As an example, "The Nikkei Stock Average was overshooting downward, but has now recovered to the estimated value.", "Last year's surge in the virtual currency market was an overshoot." can.

Off-chain Trading

Off-chain trading is one solution to the scalability problem. By enabling off-chain transactions, it is possible to realize faster transaction speeds and lower transaction costs that allow even small amounts to be transferred.

Option trading

Option trading is the right to buy or sell a certain product (underlying asset) at a predetermined price (strike price/strike price) at a certain point in the future. A transaction to buy or sell. There are two types of rights, the right to buy is called a call option and the right to sell is called a put option.

Option buyers can buy options by paying a premium (option fee) to the seller. The seller receives a premium from the buyer and can sell the option, but is obligated to respond if the buyer exercises his right. In the case of a call option, the price of the underlying asset (crude oil, etc.) can rise infinitely, so the buyer's loss is limited to the premium and the profit can be expected to be infinite.

On the other hand, since the seller locks in the profit at the premium, it is thought that the loss will be infinite. In the case of a put option, the profit is maximized when the underlying asset goes to zero, so the buyer's loss is limited to the premium and the profit can be expected to increase until the underlying asset price goes to zero. On the other hand, the seller locks in profits at the premium, so losses increase until the underlying asset price reaches zero.

OmiseGo (OMG)

OmiseGo is a type of virtual currency. A cryptocurrency based on Ethereum. Omise, an electronic payment service provided by a fintech company launched in Bangkok, Thailand by Japanese investor Jun Hasegawa, has focused on cryptocurrencies to establish itself as a payment platform in Southeast Asia. The introduction of blockchain technology by OMG can be expected to improve Omise's transaction speed and lower fees, realizing smoother consumption activities. A co-working space called Neutrino has been set up in Shibuya and is operated by the Omise go team.

Also recommended: Cointelegraph interview with OmiseGo founder Jun Hasegawa

Oracle

An oracle is an entity responsible for bringing information that does not exist inside the network from the external environment. For example, oracles may be used to input external information into the network when performing smart contracts using external information. A problem in this case is how to determine that the external information inserted by Oracle is truly correct.

There are centralized and distributed oracles. Most of the Oracles in use are centralized. The reason is that data can be brought in efficiently from the outside. On the other hand, as a demerit, it is conceivable that the information must be used on the premise that the correctness of the oracle is absolute. In the blockchain industry, which builds networks through decentralized management, it is expected that centralized oracles will not be accepted. Therefore, the demand for distributed oracles is expected to increase, and research and development on them is currently underway.

In addition, Oracle, which develops and provides database management systems, has nothing to do with the content of this section, but Oracle is also developing a service called Oracle Blockchain Cloud Service in the blockchain area.

C line

Additional purchase

Additional purchases mean buying more assets in the belief that the market will rise. Or, it refers to nanping, which is done to lower the average acquisition price when prices drop. This is likely to lead to dip-buying during rising markets, but it is more likely that assets will become salted in market-hunting and down markets.

Counterparty risk

Counterparty risk is the risk that the amount specified in the contract in advance will not be paid due to financial difficulties or bankruptcy of the counterparty. In the virtual currency market, it means the risk that the assets owned by individuals will be lost due to the exchange where the virtual currency is deposited being hacked or going bankrupt.

Custody

Custody is an agency service such as custody of securities, receipt of principal and interest, and dividends. A custodian is an institution that provides those services. International movement of securities is difficult considering legal aspects and transportation costs, and local management is realistic, and the need for storage services is required at that time. In addition to custody services, we are also responsible for proxy services such as receiving principal and interest and dividends, exercising voting rights, and managing investment performance.

When it comes to cryptocurrencies, Fidelity, a major American investment firm, is preparing to launch a Bitcoin custody service.

Virtual currency

Virtual currency is a type of currency. Commonly used legal currencies such as the yen and the dollar are operated as currencies backed by the government and economic power of the country. However, virtual currency is a currency operated by a decentralized system in which there is no clear entity that guarantees credit. Bitcoin, which was launched in 2009, is known as the first cryptocurrency.

In Japan, the name “virtual currency” is common, but overseas, the name “crypto currency” is common, and since it accounts for the majority, the Financial Services Agency is trying to change the name “virtual currency” to “crypto assets”. there is

Virtual currency (cryptographic asset) exchange

The virtual currency (cryptographic asset) exchange exchanges Bitcoin and other major virtual currencies (cryptographic assets). Become a trading exchange. The trading method is the same as stocks, etc., and it is possible to order by board trading. Many exchanges in Japan also have sales offices, where you can buy immediately at the selling price. There are also many exchanges that allow margin trading using bitcoins and virtual currencies (cryptographic assets) like FX.

Regarding how to open an account, just like opening an account at a securities company, create an exchange account → submit identification documents (in most cases, you can attach an image) → send an identification postcard to your registered address. After receiving the above, you can open an account. After opening an account, you can deposit money into the account using a bank, convenience store, or credit card, and make transactions with the funds reflected in the account.

As a point to be aware of, as the coin check and zaif hacking cases show, virtual currency (cryptographic asset) exchanges are easy targets for hackers, and in the worst case, funds may be stolen. be. Therefore, when trading large sums of money, many people purchase and store a dedicated terminal called a dedicated wallet that allows individuals to manage data such as private keys.

The major domestic virtual currency (crypto asset) exchanges include BitFlyer (not accepting new account openings), Coincheck, Bitbank, GMO Coin, and DMM Bitcoin.

Cryptocurrency exchange ranking | Compare 13 major domestic exchanges in ranking format! We will also introduce 6 other domestic exchanges together!

Cafe con leche index

The café con leche index is calculated using the price history of café con leche, which means "coffee with milk" in Spanish. inflation rate. It is famous for being created by Bloomberg, a major US media outlet, to track hyperinflation in Venezuela.

To measure the inflation rate, you can increase the accuracy by measuring multiple products that are consumed on a daily basis. In Spain and South America, where many Spanish-speaking countries live, café con leche is a staple of breakfast and an essential part of daily life. Therefore, it can be said that it is a product that can be expected to be sufficiently effective in measuring the inflation rate. As of 2018, in Venezuela, South America, the price of a cup of coffee, a daily necessities, is rising day by day, and an annualized inflation rate of 440,000% is observed. It's just hyperinflation.

Short Selling

Short selling is a trading method that makes a profit by selling stocks that you do not have on hand through margin trading, etc., in anticipation of a stock price drop, and buying them back when the price drops as expected. It's a so-called short, and it's one of the methods that can make a profit even in a falling market.

Cardano (Cardano / ADA)

Cardano is a type of virtual currency. A platform for maintaining ADA operations. The platform is multi-layered, giving the system elasticity that can be easily maintained and upgraded with a soft fork. Cardano uses a proof-of-stake system to reduce power consumption while improving scalability.

The second feature of Cardano is a recursive internet architecture that allows sub-networks to exist within the main network. This makes it easier for the network to grow. Cardano aims to be the “Internet of Blockchains”. We want all cryptocurrencies to exist side by side and be able to exchange for each other without intermediaries. Cardano will also allow metadata to be attached to transactions if desired. This will also make the network more user-friendly for banks and governments.

Gachiho

Gachiho is an abbreviation for "Hold" with seriousness. It means to hold on to a financial product that you have purchased without letting it go, or to be unaffected by small market fluctuations and not to sell it easily. Some people change the wording of the hold and express it as "grip strength".

During the rising market in 2017, the word "Gachiho" was frequently used around SNS, and in a sense, this word may have created the bull market (?).

GAFA

GAFA is an acronym for the four major companies in the IT industry: "Google", "Apple", "Facebook", and "Amazon". It is recognized as a group of companies that has a great influence in modern society, such as numerous books on GAFA and being nominated for the 2018 Buzzword Award.

These four companies are characterized by their origins in the United States, which led the IT revolution, and their use of big data and advanced marketing techniques that tap into the essence of human beings to boast a high market share. be. Recently, it has been criticized for failing to manage its growing power, such as market monopoly and personal data leaks. Therefore, in the virtual currency industry, it is sometimes talked about when claiming the superiority of "distributed management".

Institutional Investors

Institutional investors are corporate investors who manage entrusted funds such as pension funds, life insurance companies, and investment trusts. They have more money and investment knowledge than individual investors, and they have a strong influence on the market. Due to such characteristics, particularly large institutional investors are sometimes referred to as "whales."

Capital Gain

Capital gain is the income obtained from buying and selling assets. The price of capital, which means capital, fluctuates depending on the economic situation at that time. The profit generated by the difference in price movements using such characteristics. For example, in the case of stock investment, it means the profit obtained by buying and selling stocks, and dividends and shareholder benefits from holding stocks are classified as income gains.

Contrarian

Contrarian is buying and selling assets against the market trend. By trading against the overall market forecast, you can make a big profit if the market forecast goes wrong.

For example, if a scandal is discovered in a company and the stock price of that company shows a downward trend, if you follow the market trend, you will not buy the stock. However, in the case of contrarians, take the downtrend as a buying opportunity and buy the stock. If the stock price continues to fall, you will suffer a large loss. In the sense that it goes against the majority opinion, it is considered to be a high-risk, high-return course of action.

Quadriga CX

Quadriga CX is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Canada. Established in 2013. Following the sudden death of founder Gerry Cotton in December 2018, cryptocurrencies, including customer assets, were trapped in cold wallets, leaving an estimated 115,000 customers with deposits of $198.4 million (approximately 22.125 billion dollars). 10,000 yen) worth of virtual currency. It can be said that a sufficient management system was not in place with only Mr. Cotton having access to the assets of the exchange. As a result, Quadriga CX officially announced bankruptcy in April 2019.

Quantum (Quantum / QTUM)

Quantum is a type of virtual currency. A virtual currency that combines the strengths of Bitcoin and Ethereum. While maintaining the strong security of Bitcoin, adopting PoS for mining eliminates the concerns of centralization that is a concern with Bitcoin. Furthermore, by enabling the use of smart contracts, which is a feature of Ethereum, on smartphones and tablets, it has enabled faster and safer contracts and transactions.

Kusakoin

Kusakoin is a slang expression for a virtual currency with an extremely low valuation. The word "grass" is used to mean "laughable", and is derived from the fact that the expression "www", which is a short form of "(lol)", looks like grass. Currently, among the tens of thousands of kinds of currencies that have been issued, there are many virtual currencies with extremely low valuations and unclear purposes of issuance, and these are sometimes collectively referred to as grass coins. .

Kraken

Kraken is a cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2011 and based in California, USA. Jesse Powell, CEO as of 2019, is one of the co-founders. It is one of the largest virtual currency exchanges in the world. In addition, due to its influence, it often appears in the news as a company that represents trends in the cryptocurrency industry.

It had been providing services in Japan for a long time, but in 2018 it abolished the service as a bitcoin and virtual currency exchange for Japanese residents.

Cloud mining

Cloud mining is not an individual mining, but a group of people who donate funds to a mining company and distribute the mining profits. matter.

Mining requires equipment such as a PC, electricity to run them, and a certain amount of expertise, so it is not considered to be something that many people can easily start. In order for many people to participate in mining and receive rewards, individuals can easily start mining by providing funds to mining companies and entrusting mining. The background to the emergence of such efforts is thought to be the rise in popularity of mining, and the emergence of a situation in which the cost of mining exceeds the rewards obtained from mining. In this way, there is a mining pool as another method of increasing the amount of mining while keeping costs down.

Graphic Board (GPU)

Graphic board is a device for processing video and images built into a PC. It is essential for performing high performance mining of virtual currency with parts with high processing computing power as it processes images. Typical graphic boards include the GeForce and RADEON series.

Crypto Compare

Crypto Compare is a cryptocurrency-related data provider. It was founded in 2014 by co-founders Charles Hayter and Vlad Cealicu. Provides virtual currency trading volume and board information for exchanges and individual investors. Collect data for over 5,300 cryptocurrencies and over 240,000 currency pairs. In August 2018, Thomson Reuters, a major financial information company, partnered. In June 2019, it announced that it would partner with NASDAQ, a major US stock exchange, to release a product that provides cryptocurrency price data for institutional investors.

Cryptojacking

Cryptojacking is the fraudulent act of hijacking someone else's PC and using it for cryptocurrency mining. Unauthorized use of other people's PCs to acquire the computing power and electricity bills necessary for mining. While criminals earn virtual currency, victims of cryptojacking experience problems such as slow PC performance, poor battery life, and extra electricity bills. .

Cryptopia

Cryptopia is a New Zealand-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2015. The founders are Rob Dawson and Adam Clark. Cryptopia, which is said to have been launched as an extension of their hobby, is famous for trading cryptocurrencies (commonly known as grass coins) that have not yet established popularity. At the beginning of 2018, it was attracting attention as a rapidly growing exchange with over 1.4 million users. However, in January 2019, a cryptocurrency valued at 1.7 billion yen was hacked, forcing a temporary suspension of trading. On May 15, 2019, it stopped trading and filed for bankruptcy.

Cryptomama

Hester Peirce, one of the Commissioners of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). When the SEC rejected the Bitcoin ETF, she is said to be someone who understands cryptocurrencies, such as raising objections, and is nicknamed "Crypto Mom" ​​by the community.

Grayscale

Grayscale Investments is a cryptocurrency investment company established in 2013 by the Digital Currency Group (DCG). Founder and CEO Barry Silbert. We provide cryptocurrency investment services with the belief that we will develop the gray zone of cryptocurrencies together with investors.

Only US Securities and Exchange Commission licensed investors with an annual income of $200,000 or $1 million net worth can invest in the fund. Grayscale Bitcoin Investment Trust (GBTC), known as a Bitcoin investment trust invested by the company, is famous. In 2018, when the cryptocurrency market was bearish, Grayscale's earnings were strong, and it has achieved solid asset management since its establishment.

Economic rationality

Economic rationality is a rational way of thinking that conforms to economic value standards. Price can be considered as a representative example of the economic value standard.

For example, when purchasing exactly the same product, it can be said that choosing the cheaper one is economically rational. Economic rationality is often seen in explanations of consensus algorithms (PoW, PoS, etc.), which are virtual currency management systems. In terms of PoW, for miners to tamper with data, it is necessary to purchase several high-performance PCs that consume a lot of power and are expensive. is working.

In terms of the virtual currency as a whole, hacking into the virtual currency system will lead to a decrease in the value of the virtual currency itself, and even if the currency is obtained illegally through hardships, it will be worthless. Therefore, there is economic rationality that judges that hacking for the purpose of making money is meaningless. However, the above economic rationality does not work for those who intend to destroy the virtual currency itself.

KYC

KYC stands for Know Your Customer. It is used as a means of identity verification or identification. Literally translated as "know your customer", for example, when a bank opens an account for a customer, it is dangerous to blindly trust the customer without knowing the background of the customer, and what kind of person is it? It is important to know personal information such as what kind of purpose it is. With the expansion of the virtual currency market, KYC is being thoroughly enforced at virtual currency exchanges. There is a strong demand in the virtual currency industry to strengthen the system to eliminate anti-social forces such as gangs and terrorist organizations and prevent their use for criminal purposes.

Spot trading

Spot trading refers to general transactions where securities, gold, crude oil, etc. are actually traded at the price at the time of trading. means.

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an organization composed of the central banks of 60 countries and regions around the world. Founded in 1930. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. The organization began when it was in charge of the reparations payment for Germany after World War I. Today, it functions as a forum for international cooperation aimed at stabilizing the world's financial markets. The Annual General Meeting is usually held around June or July, and representatives of member central banks gather at BIS headquarters. Voting rights at the General Meeting are proportional to the BIS shares held by each representative. The Bank of Japan has been a member of the Board of Governors since 1994.

Coincheck

Coincheck is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2014 by Coincheck Co., Ltd. (formerly Resupress Co., Ltd.) and is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Monex Group, Inc. He has been active in the virtual currency industry since the dawn of time, boasting a wide range of stocks handled by the exchange that leads the industry as a whole, and has long strived to spread Bitcoin as a means of payment, including coin check Denki.

In January 2018, Coincheck was damaged by a large-scale hack and an incident occurred in which virtual currency NEM worth 58 billion yen was leaked. The exchange's lax risk management was exposed and a business improvement order was issued. In April, it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Monex Group and restarted as a cryptocurrency exchange. For many years, it has been deemed a trader, but on January 11, 2019, registration was completed as a virtual currency exchange trader.

In April 2019, it will be possible to exchange Monex points provided by Monex Securities and receive them in a coin check account, and attention will be focused on what kind of cooperation will be carried out in the future.

Also recommended: Virtual currency exchange coin check press conference Q&A full text Mr. Wada shows interest in ICO and STO | Will TV commercials resume?

Coincheck Incident

The Coincheck Incident is an incident in which the cryptocurrency exchange Coincheck was hacked on January 26, 2018, and a large amount of the stored cryptocurrency "NEM" leaked out. .

At the time of the incident, NEM was stored in a "hot wallet" that was kept connected to the Internet, and security was vulnerable because it was not managed by multisig using multiple private keys. Exploited by its security vulnerability, NEM with a market capitalization of about 58 billion yen disappeared from Coincheck within minutes. The criminal's attack method is said to be unauthorized access via a terminal infected with malware by sending an e-mail.

Coincheck compensated for damages to users from its own assets, but there were cases where class action lawsuits were filed against losses due to service suspensions and incidents. It attracted attention as the largest cryptocurrency theft in history, revealing the immaturity of the cryptocurrency industry and the need for legislation to deal with it.

COINNEST

COINNEST is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Seoul, South Korea, established in 2017. It boasts a scale that ranks among the top five exchanges in South Korea, where the cryptocurrency business is thriving. In 2018, co-founder and CEO Kim Ik-hwan was accused of fraud, embezzlement, and bribery, and the company's management and operations have come under scrutiny. Also, in 2019, by mistake, a virtual currency airdrop other than planned was implemented. I asked the customer for a refund.

Coinbase

Coinbase is a cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2012 and based in San Francisco, USA. The founders are Brian Armstrong and Fred Ethan. A major cryptocurrency exchange with the highest number of registered users and transaction volume in the world.

In addition, the company that became the first unicorn in the virtual currency related business. Shareholders include Japanese companies such as Japan's Docomo and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, as well as Intercontinental (ICE), the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange. As a company that leads the cryptocurrency industry, its trends are attracting attention.

Coinbase card

The Coinbase card is a VISA debit card launched by Coinbase, initially for UK users. There is also an app version (iOS/Android).

Coinmarketcap

Coinmarketcap is a site that summarizes virtual currency-related data. Information on most of the virtual currencies currently in operation is posted, and you can check the issue amount and price trends of each virtual currency. In addition, the ranking based on the trading volume of the virtual currency exchange and the market capitalization ranking of the virtual currency are also posted. Coinmarketcamp is highly valued as a major source of information as quoted by many individuals and media outlets. Data is updated every 5 minutes. Also supports Japanese.

Public Key

A public key is a pair of cryptographic keys used in public key cryptography that is open to the public. A public key can be received from the owner of a corresponding private key and can decrypt data encrypted with the private key. You can encrypt data that is also your public key, and it can only be decrypted with your private key.

The problem is that it is difficult over the network to verify that a public key was created by a particular individual. Therefore, it is certain to meet in person to confirm the authenticity of the key. In addition, authenticity can be ensured by using electronic certificates. When trading virtual currency, it is necessary to exchange public keys with each other. In order to ensure that virtual currency transactions are carried out, there is also an event called a “key sign party” where keys are exchanged. A public key is also referred to as a public key.

Cold wallet (cold storage)

A cold wallet (cold storage) is a wallet that manages virtual currency offline. Offline cold wallets have virtually zero risk of being hacked and are perfect in terms of security. On the other hand, if the cold wallet itself is physically damaged (losing the private key), you will not be able to access your own currency, and there is a risk of losing virtual currency, such as you have the currency but cannot use it. . Since it can be physically managed, there are various names depending on the offline form such as hardware wallet (hardware such as USB) and paper wallet (private key printed on paper).

Commodities

Commodities mean commodities, especially energy such as oil and coal, precious metals such as gold, and grains such as wheat, soybeans, and corn that are handled in commodity futures trading. . Investing in them is also called commodity investment. Whether to define virtual currencies as commodities or as securities is currently under debate, but a US federal district court has ruled that virtual currencies are commodities.

Corda

A blockchain platform developed for the financial world by the R3 Consortium (the world's largest consortium for research and development of blockchain utilization in the financial system led by R3). . Benefits include improved transaction speed and security for financial product transactions, and the ability for multiple financial institutions to share information in real time.

Constantinople

Constantinople is the latter half of Metropolis, the third of the four development stages shown in the Ethereum development roadmap. Name of the update. Ethereum is planning four developments across 1. Frontier, 2. Homestead, 3. Metropolis and 4. Serenity. Among them, Metropolis consists of an update called Byzantium in the first half and Constantinople in the second half. In Constantinople, five Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) have been presented, including adjustments to mining difficulty and mining rewards, and the cost of gas used by DApps. These are intended to stabilize the Ethereum network for its final development stage, and while they have been under careful discussion, they are lagging behind the original development plans. Serenity is planning to move from PoW to PoS.

Consensus Algorithm

A consensus algorithm is a consensus-building method between nodes that manage blockchains to ensure the validity of transactions (virtual currency transaction data). A virtual currency that is distributed and managed by multiple nodes adopts a consensus building method that determines whether or not a transaction recorded on the blockchain is really correct by a majority vote among nodes.

The consensus algorithm is motivated to have more nodes participate in consensus building. There are various types of consensus algorithms such as PoW (Proof of Work), PoS (Proof of Stake), and PoC (Proof of Consensus) due to such different motivations.

ConsenSys

ConsenSys is a company based in New York, USA that develops decentralized applications (DApps) using blockchain technology. The founder is Joseph Rubin, co-founder of Ethereum, the largest platform for DApp development. It aims to provide various solutions and function as a platform for development know-how to build a decentralized society brought about by blockchain technology. We are also focusing on Web 3.0, the next-generation Internet format. The company has shown a positive attitude towards a decentralized society, such as investing in rival companies, and is attracting attention as a driving force in the industry.

Also See: What is ConsenSys, the US company working on the future of the web? got inside it

Consortium Chain

A consortium chain is a form of blockchain management. A blockchain that is managed by multiple elected management bodies, and takes the form of a blockchain that is positioned exactly between a public chain that is open to an unspecified number of individuals and a public chain that is operated by a certain management body. . Consortium chains are suitable for blockchain operations that are used for projects with specific purposes, such as improving logistics and inventory management. Consensus can be formed more quickly than public chains, but it is less centralized than private chains.

51% attack

The 51% attack is one of the risks of fraudulent virtual currency transactions. Theoretically, it is possible for a certain individual or group to acquire more than half of the total computational power in a blockchain built by PoW to commit fraud such as tampering with transaction records. However, considering the cost of acquiring majority computing power and the price collapse due to distrust of the virtual currency, the incentive to cheat is said to be low.

Golden Cross

Golden Cross is a “buy” signal that can be obtained as a result of technical analysis. For analysis, moving averages (SMA) and exponential moving averages (EMA) are used. A golden cross is when the short-term moving average crosses over the long-term moving average from bottom to top.

Goldman Sachs

Goldman Sachs is a major financial institution headquartered in New York, USA. Founded in 1869 by Marcus Goldman, it has long been a leader in the world's financial industry. Currently, it has nearly 40,000 employees in 30 countries around the world. His business covers a wide range of fields, including brokerage of bonds, foreign exchange, and stocks, investment banking, and asset management advice. It is also showing a willingness to work on virtual currency-related business, which is also called the financial revolution. Goldman Sachs graduates are also active in the cryptocurrency industry, and Mike Novogratz, who leads the cryptocurrency investment fund Galaxy Digital, is famous.

Golem (GNT)

Golem is a type of virtual currency. Golem is a virtual currency built on the Ethereum platform.

The purpose of Golem is to build a system that can connect computers by P2P and share computing power equal to or greater than that of a supercomputer. This is referred to as the "worldwide computer" and currently the system allows users or providers to lend out excess CPU power and receive remuneration from borrowers. Also called a CPU power rental network.

The beta version was implemented on the mainnet in 2018, and the progress took about two years after Golem's ICO was completed in 2016. If the golem's efforts are successful, it will be possible to provide everyone with the energy they need at a low cost.

S line

Sidechain

Sidechain is a technology for improving the performance of the main chain and adding extended functions. It is attracting attention as one of the technologies necessary to deal with the scalability problem.

Cypherpunk

Cypherpunk is an online community and its activities that aim to contribute to the construction of an anonymous system using cryptographic technology.

In the 1990s, there was a lively discussion about the creation of digital currency, and members of that group proposed ideas that would become the basis of modern virtual currency, such as "hashcash", "bitgold", and "b-money". Some suggested it, and it was developed, but it didn't work.

Satoshi Nakamoto is familiar with the academic papers on cryptography shared on Cypherpunk and seeks advice from Cypherpunk members on the idea of ​​Bitcoin. There is an opinion that Bitcoin was born based on their past achievements and discussions.

A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

The Cypherpunk Manifesto is an action policy or basic philosophy written down by Cypherpunk. Cypherpunks are activities dedicated to building anonymity systems, and cryptography is necessary to achieve privacy. They define privacy as the power of selective self-disclosure, as opposed to secrecy.

For example, when you hand cash to a store clerk to buy something, you don't need to know who you are. When sending and receiving e-mail, the provider does not need to know the destination or the content. However, when private information is revealed by the underlying mechanisms of interaction, a situation of "no privacy" arises. Therefore, it can be said that personal information cannot be disclosed selectively. He argues that an anonymous transaction system is essential for privacy in an open society, and argues the necessity of developing cryptographic technology and the significance of its diffusion.

Also recommended: Bitcoin has 40 years of history [Read the Cypherpunk Manifesto]

Circle

Circle is a virtual currency payment company based in Boston, USA established in 2013. It is a virtual currency business license established by the state of NY. Bit License” has been acquired. The co-founders are Jeremy Allaire and Sean Neville.

Circle develops “Circle Pay”, a fiat currency remittance service with a chat function, and “Circle Invest”, a virtual currency investment service for individual investors. We aim to realize a society where money can be moved freely and safely. It has received a lot of attention, including receiving investment from major financial giant Goldman Sachs.

Futures Trading (Sakimono Torihiki)

Futures trading is a transaction in which a certain amount of margin (guarantee money) is used as collateral to commit to buying and selling for a certain period of time ahead. It is also possible to trade several times against the margin (leverage trading). Must be counter traded by the promised date (SQ date). It is a transaction developed for the purpose of avoiding market turmoil by promising future stable trading for products with price fluctuation risk.

Limit order (Sashinechumon)

A limit order is to buy or sell stocks at a specified price. Since you buy and sell at the price you present, if it is a limit sell, it will not be bought unless the market price rises toward the selling price you specified. It will not be sold unless the market price drops. While there is an advantage that you can buy and sell at the price you want, it takes time to complete an order, so there is a risk that the market trend will change during that time.

Circuit breaker system

The circuit breaker system temporarily suspends trading in order to avoid market turmoil when stock prices or futures prices rise or fall above a certain level. system to take measures to If there is a sudden rise or fall in the price movements of stocks and futures markets, it is expected that investors will panic and become unable to make correct decisions. In order to avoid such confusion, it is hoped that sound market operations will be possible by taking measures to temporarily suspend trading in order to calm investors down.

1satoshi

The smallest unit of BTC (Bitcoin). 1 satoshi=0.00000001 BTC. In other words, 1 satoshi is 1/100 million of 1 BTC. As the value of Bitcoin increased, the notation of BTC became complicated, including a decimal point, and instead of BTC, a unit derived from the name of the Bitcoin developer, satoshi, was invented.

Satoshi Dice

Satoshi Dice is online gambling using Bitcoin (BTC). It was developed by Erik Voorhees, a co-founder of BitInstant and the founder of the virtual currency exchange ShapeShift, who has been promoting the spread of Bitcoin since the dawn of Bitcoin. Currently, only Bitcoin Cash (BCH) can be used to gamble. A mechanism in which BCH is sent to a specific account, and if you win gambling, it will be multiplied and sent again. Accidentally remitted BTC will be donated to Bitcoin Cash development costs. At the beginning of Bitcoin development, it attracted attention as one of the solutions to the problem of how to popularize virtual currency.

Satoshi Nakamoto

Satoshi Nakamoto is the creator and developer of Bitcoin. He is said to be the first Bitcoin miner. It is not a real person's name, but a user name used on the Internet, and whether it is a woman, a man, or a Japanese, it disappeared as the popularity of Bitcoin increased, and its identity is still shrouded in mystery. In the past, several people who called themselves Satoshi Nakamoto have appeared, but they have not been able to identify the individual. The person on the bottom left is Mr. Dorian Prentiss Satoshi Nakamoto, a Japanese-American who received media attention as Satoshi Nakamoto. He denies that he is Satoshi Nakamoto.

Siacoin (SC)

Siacoin is a type of virtual currency. Platform for decentralized storage. Provide access to encrypted storage for users to store their favorite data.

Siacoin is like cloud storage like Dropbox or Google Drive, but where individual data is managed by a single server, Siacoin is a shared distributed network. are distributed and managed. That is, the risk of data loss can also be distributed. Hosts who provide free storage can receive Sirecoin Tokens (SC) in return.

Regarding the use of the service, when all the conditions (price, advertisement, compensation for loss of data, etc.) are agreed between the host and the client who uses the free storage, a file contract (Siacoin) is executed. smart contract) is created on the blockchain. As a result, the data is stored on the host server and all information regarding the transaction is kept within the Saicoin lockchain.

Supply Chain

The supply chain is a series of processes from the production and manufacturing of a product by a producer to the hand of the consumer. It is also used in the sense of a supply chain for commodities and products.

Zaif

Zaif is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2014, an exchange operated by Tech Bureau, Inc., a virtual currency exchange operator certified by the Financial Services Agency. The company also operates COMSA, which provides ICO consulting services. A unique exchange that handles coins that can only be traded on Zaif. Famous for trading NEM (XEM) and Monacoin (MONA). It also offers a unique service called “Bitcoin Accumulation,” in which a fixed amount is withdrawn from a bank account every month and Bitcoin is accumulated. On November 22, 2018, the business was transferred to Fisco Virtual Currency Exchange Co., Ltd.

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CZ

CZ is the founder of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, Binance. Zhao Chang Peng (English: Changpeng Zhao) in Chinese notation. Originally from China, CZ moved to Canada at an early age to study computer science. After that, he worked as a system engineer at stock exchanges, etc., and encountered virtual currency in 2013. After working as a member of Blockchain.info, which provides bitcoin wallets, and as the chief technology officer of OKCoin, he launched the virtual currency exchange Binance in 2017, which is the world's largest transaction in terms of transaction volume and currencies handled. grow in place. In 2018, CZ was selected as the third largest cryptocurrency billionaire in the world announced by Forbes.

CNBC

CNBC is America's leading news channel. It reports business news on cable, satellite and the Internet. It was founded in 1989 and was known as the Consumer News and Business Channel until 1991. Headquarters are located in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

An interesting fact explaining CNBC is that the channel's viewership correlates almost exactly with global stock market movements. CNBC has recently become one of the most popular places to get the latest cryptocurrency news and related topics. Recent news reported by CNBC includes forecasts for the price of Bitcoin by the end of the year and its value compared to fiat currencies and precious metals, how and where to better use cryptocurrencies, and how Bitcoin's sales will beat Apple. There was something about the conviction that it would definitely surpass. The most popular was a step-by-step guide to buying Ripple in real time.

CFTC

CFTC is an abbreviation for Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and is used in Japan as the US Futures Trading Commission. Established in 1975, the CFTC is an independent administrative agency that regulates and supervises futures trading in the United States. The futures market in the United States, which boasts the world's largest scale, handles multiple commodities with international index prices, so it can be said that it has a great influence on the global economy. The CFTC exists as an institution that maintains the transparency and fairness of the market and protects market participants from price manipulation and fraudulent activities. As such, the CFTC is recognized with strong powers to regulate and supervise the futures market, and its developments are constantly being watched. How the virtual currency market, including Bitcoin, will be subject to regulation and supervision by the CFTC is one of the important themes when considering the future development of the virtual currency industry. A similar agency is the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

CBDC

CBDC stands for Central Bank Digital Currency. The Japanese translation is Central Bank Digital Currency. A digital currency issued by a central bank in a country or region. Payments in modern society are increasingly computerized, and there is a demand for changes in the way traditional currencies such as banknotes and coins should be. On the other hand, there are many hurdles to overcome, such as whether the digitization of currency is consistent with the existing financial system and whether it is sufficiently understood by users.

Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is one of the world's largest markets for financial and commodity futures and options based in Chicago, USA. Exchange. As of 2019, it is owned and operated by CME Group. It covers agricultural commodities, energy, stock indices, interest rates, foreign exchange, and even weather. In 1898, the Chicago Butter and Egg Exchange became independent from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and changed its name to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1919. In the 1990s, it quickly converted to an electronic trading system and grew into a world-leading futures and options exchange. Nikkei 225 futures are also handled, and it is attracting a lot of attention in Japan. In December 2017, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) approved the listing of bitcoin futures.

Fund transfer business

The fund transfer business is a foreign exchange transaction performed by a person other than a deposit-taking financial institution such as a bank. Exchange transactions mean transferring funds using a mechanism that transfers funds without directly transporting cash, and representative examples include LINE Pay and Yahoo! Wallet.

Regarding virtual currency, the Financial Services Agency stipulates that it is necessary to register this "funds transfer service provider" or "prepaid payment instrument" regarding the issuance of stablecoins pegged to legal currency. In the first place, stablecoins are not considered “virtual currencies” as stipulated by the Funds Settlement Act. In the process of penetrating virtual currency into the general public, the "funds transfer business" is attracting attention in the context of how it will be incorporated into the existing legal framework.

Shite Kabu

Shite Kabu is a specific stock whose stock price is intentionally caused to rise or fall. An individual or group with a large amount of money buys or sells a large amount of a particular stock, making it appear as if the stock price is fluctuating rapidly, thereby inciting further buying or selling to general investors. After that, the individual or group that made the stock will gain a profit by letting go of the stock, and the individual investor who was lured in will suffer a large loss.

It is a general perception that such stock trading methods are in a gray zone and that trading stocks should not be touched. Individuals and groups that perform shitekabu are called shite-suji or shite-group. A series of methods and groups may be working in cryptocurrencies as well, so be careful when trading.

The Silk Road

The Silk Road was a website that was famous as a platform for buying and selling illegal things in the United States on the dark web. It was a convenient existence for criminals to exchange illegal goods. The problem was that Bitcoin was being used in the black market by operating through Tor, which cannot track traffic, and by combining Bitcoin's anonymity.

Silk Road started in February 2011, and by March 2013, 10,000 commodities were traded, 70% of which were drugs. The Silk Road site contained a variety of illegal items, including child pornography, stolen credit cards, the sale of weapons of any kind, and commissioned murder. The Silk Road also traded legal goods such as apparel, art, books, cigarettes, pornography, jewelry and stationery. Silk Road was closed by the FBI in October 2013. Silk Road founder Ross William Ulbricht was arrested by the FBI and sentenced to life in prison. It is believed that the Silk Road was created with the aim of creating a completely free market that is not subject to centralized control such as the government. There have been two attempts to create the same site as the Silk Road, but both have failed.

ShapeShift

ShapeShift is a Swiss-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2013. The founder is Mr. Eric Voorhees who launched online gambling "Satoshi Dice" using Bitcoin. The feature of ShapeShift is that it functions as a platform that can exchange dozens of virtual currencies without any transaction using legal currency. It has the character of a money changer rather than an exchange. One of the features is that the disclosure of personal information such as account registration can be used as little as possible.

Sharding

Sharding generally refers to a technology for distributed management of data. The introduction of sharding in the development stage of Ethereum means that a single group that approves transactions is distributed to multiple groups, and each group shares the responsibility for approving transactions. Approval of transactions by a single entity can maintain high security, but it causes a decrease in transaction speed, etc., and hinders work on Ethereum. Sharding was devised as a countermeasure.

Short

Short means selling or holding a short position in a financial instrument. This means that profits are made when market prices fall. There are various theories about the origin of the short, but one of the reasons why it is beneficial is that the market trend declines quickly.

In general spot trading, you can only buy the target asset and sell it when it becomes expensive, but in margin trading, you can borrow the asset first with the margin money and buy it back when it becomes cheaper, The mechanism of short (short selling) is that you can make money by repaying the amount you borrowed. In addition, most margin transactions are settled by difference, and the actual product is not held. In order to survive the down market, it depends on how well you can use short.

Short Squeeze

Short squeeze is when the market is leaning toward selling, and the market is pushed up by buying big. Contrary to the speculation of the short-term investors who expected the market to fall, the market price rose, and many of the short-term investors who could no longer endure this situation were forced to cut losses. This is a technique that can be seen in short-term trading, where you make a profit by deliberately bumping your buys and squeezing your sell positions (shorts) out of the market (squeeze).

Margin trading

Margin trading enables you to trade (leverage trading) in excess of your own funds with a certain amount of margin (guarantee money) as collateral. trading for. There is no physical delivery of securities, etc., but a mechanism to receive the difference (net settlement) obtained from reverse trading. In the virtual currency market, it is mainly used in “Bitcoin FX” and “Virtual currency FX”.

GMO Coin

GMO Coin is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan and was established in 2016. It will be an exchange operated by GMO Coin Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange company certified by the Financial Services Agency. It is operated by GMO Coin, Inc., a subsidiary of GMO Internet, Inc., which is listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It is expected that it will also be used for management. In addition to exchanges and sales offices, virtual currency FX can also be performed.

As of March 2019, we handle Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), and we can trade regardless of physical or credit. Can.

Also recommended: Reasons why the virtual currency exchange GMO coin is recommended for beginners and experienced users

Zcash (Zcash / ZEC)

Zcash is a type of virtual currency. A virtual currency derived from the Zerocoin Project, which was launched to solve the vulnerability of privacy protection, which is a drawback of Bitcoin.

Users can optionally hide senders, receivers, and amounts on the blockchain. A technology called zero-knowledge proof enables this high degree of anonymity. It is possible to prove that there is no fraudulent transaction without disclosing information that one does not want to disclose. A virtual currency that has been praised by famous cryptographer Adam Back, who also contributed to the development of Bitcoin, and Ethereum developer Vitalik.

Self-regulatory organization

A self-regulatory organization is an organization that makes detailed rules for a specific industry. By setting regulations on gray businesses that are carried out under vague definitions in law, the purpose is to maintain the soundness of the industry and to be widely recognized by society as an entity that plays a part in economic activities.

The virtual currency industry has achieved rapid growth as an emerging business, but it was difficult to keep pace with the industry, and the challenge was how to gain widespread understanding as a business. However, in October 2018, the Financial Services Agency certified the Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA), a virtual currency industry group, as a self-regulatory organization, raising expectations for the sound development of the virtual currency industry. ing.

ZB.com

ZB.com is a Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2017. Co-founders are Jimmy Zhao and Dawei Li. The exchange with the highest trading volume in the world. Also, like Binance, by owning the original currency ZB provided by the exchange, you can receive discounts on transaction fees and exchange revenue dividends. We are also focusing on other than trading services, such as working on a mining pool for the virtual currency EOS.

Justin Sun

Justin Sun was born in 1990 and is an IT businessman from China. He is the founder and CEO of the Tron Foundation, which develops the cryptocurrency Tron. In addition, he launched PeiWo, a music live distribution app that is very popular among young people in China, and serves as CEO. In 2018, the TRON Foundation acquired BitTorrent, a US software development company, and Sun became its CEO. He has acquired the right to have lunch with the investment god Warren Buffett, who is skeptical of virtual currency, for $ 4,567,888 (approximately 505 million yen), and actively wants to spread awareness of virtual currency and blockchain. While working on it, he is attracting attention for something, such as confronting Mr. Vitalik over Tron, which he is developing. Selected as one of the 30 Asians under the age of 30 by the global economic magazine Forbes. He is also a graduate of Hupan University, founded by Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba.

JPM Coin

JPM Coin is a digital currency issued by JM Morgan, a major US financial institution. Its value is tied to one US dollar and was developed with the aim of smooth international remittances and settlements. JPM Coin utilizes blockchain-based technology, allowing remittances to be made through JP Morgan accounts. There is also a view that it is a competitor of Ripple, and attention is focused on future development.

JPMorgan Chase

JPMorgan Chase is a New York-based banking, investment, and other financial company. The beginning of the company can be traced back to 1799, and throughout its long history, it has provided financial support to the development of the world economy, including the United States. With its accumulated know-how in financial operations and global credibility, JPMorgan Chase is attracting a great deal of attention in the future fintech field such as virtual currency.

Genesis block

The genesis block is the name of the first block on the blockchain. The genesis block developed by Satoshi Nakamoto has the message "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for bank", which is quoted from the January 3, 2009 headline of British Time magazine. , It is said that the history of virtual currency operation began after this date.

Gemini Dollar (GUSD)

Gemini Dollar (GUSD) is a dollar-linked stablecoin developed by Gemini, a cryptocurrency exchange operated by the Winklevoss brothers who are active in the cryptocurrency industry. A token issued on Ethereum (ERC20 token). It has a reputation for safety and transparency as the first stablecoin to be approved by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). On the other hand, it is known as a centralized stablecoin, such as the ability to suspend the use of Gemini dollars by a third party.

Jyunbari

Trading means buying and selling assets according to market trends. Since investment decisions are made according to overall market forecasts, risks can be reduced. On the other hand, it is believed that it is difficult to make a large profit from a single trade by following market trends.

John McAfee

John McAfee is famous as the founder of the anti-virus software McAfee, but in recent years he has been known as an avid follower of virtual currency. He has caused a lot of controversy by expressing his own opinions through Twitter, and it is said that he has the power to move the market with his Twitter remarks (commonly known as the McAfee gun).

In addition, he is always paying attention to the issuance of his own "legal" currency (paper money) "McAfee Redemption Unit (MRU)" backed by virtual currency and the virtual currency "McAfee Coin". Make an effort to collect. Most recently, he announced that he would run for the cryptocurrency community in the US presidential election, but he is being pursued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), so he has been promoting it on Twitter from abroad.

Margin trading

Margin trading is a transaction that allows you to buy and sell stocks that exceed your own funds with a certain amount of margin (guarantee money) as collateral. By depositing a security deposit with a securities company, individuals can trade stocks at a maximum of 3.3 times the margin. There is no delivery of shares, but a mechanism to receive the difference (cash settlement) obtained from reverse trading.

In the stock market, which is restricted to self-financing, the number of people who can enter the market is limited, and the market trend tends to be determined by the will of a minority. Margin trading was introduced in hopes of promoting fair price formation by increasing the number of entrants to the stock market and activating trading.

On the other hand, in some cases, there is a risk of having a loss that exceeds your own funds, and experts are always discussing how much to tolerate.

SWIFT

SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is a globally standardized remittance platform. The Japanese translation is from the International Interbank Telecommunications Association. Banks in various countries work together to move money between countries, and by performing common procedures, it is possible to move money globally.

International movement of money requires banks to hold a large amount of foreign currency reserves (preparations of currencies other than their own country) due to differences in the currencies of each country, but not all banks can secure a variety of currencies. . Therefore, overseas remittances by SWIFT are carried out through a number of banks. As a result, high fees, slow remittance speeds, and opaque fund transfer processes are pointed out as problems.

SCAM

A scam is a scam. In the cryptocurrency industry, legislation has not caught up with other industries, and the current situation is that malicious fraud is rampant due to lax regulations. It is important for individuals to be careful enough, as it is rare that self-responsibility is questioned even if there is fraud damage in the trading of virtual currency.

Scalability Problems

Scalability problems are phenomena in which virtual currency transaction speeds slow down and fees rise. On the blockchain, the capacity that can process virtual currency transactions at one time (ex. Bitcoin processes 1 MB once every 10 minutes) is fixed, so if the virtual currency transaction volume increases, the number of transactions will increase. Delays and rising fees will occur, reducing the liquidity of cryptocurrencies.

Status (Status / SNT)

Status is a type of virtual currency. Status is operated by an unspecified number of people with Status Network Tokens (SNT) as open source decentralized mobile applications (DApps).

Status's purpose is to act as a browser and messenger that allows access to Ethereum-based applications from mobile devices. Ethereum is widely known as a platform for DApps. However, since applications created on Ethereum can only be accessed from a PC, they cannot be used by smartphone users who have few opportunities to use a PC. Furthermore, considering that the number of smartphone users will increase in the future, that barrier will make Ethereum less well-known.

On the other hand, Status wants to develop a messenger app that is useful for smartphone users and increase opportunities for smartphone users to recognize Ethereum in order to create a point of contact between Ethereum and smartphone users. trying. It is expected that this will dramatically spread the recognition of Ethereum.

Stablecoins

Stablecoins are virtual currencies backed by physical assets such as legal tender and gold. The problem with virtual currency is that it is difficult to operate in the economic activities of individuals and companies due to its large price fluctuations. Therefore, in order to realize a stable (stable) virtual currency, a virtual currency that is linked to the price movements of legal currencies such as the yen and the dollar and real assets such as gold was developed. It is also expressed as a pegged currency, and for example, a virtual currency linked to the dollar is expressed as a dollar pegged currency.

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Steve Wozniak

Steve Wozniak is one of the founders of Apple along with Steve Jobs. He was a man of outstanding technical prowess who led Apple Computer to success. There are many favorable opinions about virtual currency.

Steller (Stella / XLM (Lumen))

Steller is a type of virtual currency. Developed based on the Ripple protocol, the payment technology has changed constantly since its launch in 2014.

Stellar is known as a virtual currency with a concept similar to Ripple (XRP). XLM (Lumen) used in Stellar's system is expected to play a role as a bridge currency used for international remittances like XRP used in Ripple. The difference with Ripple is that Stellar is developed by a non-profit organization like Bitcoin, while Ripple aims to improve existing financial infrastructure mainly for financial institutions and large companies, Stellar sticks to existing financial infrastructure. There is a point that the operation is not performed. Stellar transaction approvals are verified using a quorum that is part of the network, rather than being verified across the entire network like Bitcoin. This feature, called the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP), is said to make Stellar suitable for small businesses, non-profits, small banks and intra-company transactions.

One of the key Stella partnerships is with IBM. IBM is using Stellar's network as a corridor for transactions in South Pacific countries.

Steem

Steem is a type of virtual currency and the basic unit of the platform called Steemit. Steemit is a blockchain-based platform that allows users to post content and vote like on all other social media platforms.

The difference with each SNS is that Steemit rewards you in tokens. The Steam Network distributes new Steam Units daily to contributors and voters. Steam can be exchanged for either Steam Power (SP) or Steam Backed Dollars (SPD). Steampower is a token used to upvote content, generating income for voters (SP) and contributors (SPD).

Stratis (Stratis / STRAT)

Stratis is a type of virtual currency. It functions as a blockchain development platform, making it easier for companies to build and develop their own blockchains.

Construction from the position of the blockchain takes a huge amount of time and effort, there are few engineers who specialize in blockchain, and the current situation is that there is an environment where development is not in the East. In contrast, Stratis provides a blockchain construction environment using the language “C#” used by many programmers. This will make it easier for companies to build their own blockchain, a “private blockchain,” and reduce the barriers to blockchain adoption for companies.

Spread

Spread is the difference between the bid price and the sell price in the market, or the difference in yield. The difference between how much profit you can get by buying and selling. Also called saya. Transactions that attempt to gain profits by focusing on such price differences or yield differences are referred to as "spread trading," "arbitrage trading," or "arbitrage."

If there is a big price fluctuation in the legal currency, the spread may widen, and when the price of the virtual currency fluctuates greatly, the spread will often be larger than that. Therefore, when trading, I would like to pay attention to the spread.

Smart Contracts

A smart contract is a technology that automatically (smartly) fulfills a contract. A technology that applies the transparency and tamper-proof characteristics of blockchain technology, and implements a program in which the contract is automatically executed only when the predefined contract conditions are met. As a result, it is expected that the cost of contracts, such as going through a third-party organization and performing complicated procedures, can be greatly reduced. Ethereum is famous for implementing this technology in virtual currency.

Swap Transactions

Swap transactions are transactions that increase future profits or deal with risks through the exchange of items of equal value. Depending on the transaction target, it is expressed as an interest rate swap or a currency swap. An interest rate swap is a transaction that exchanges the difference in interest that will occur in the future, and under the exchange of equal principal, it exchanges the portion of cash flow related to the future such as the exchange of variable interest rate and fixed interest rate, short-term interest rate and long-term interest rate. . This will allow us to deal with the risk of interest rate rises in the future.

SlushPool

SlushPool is one of the largest mining pools in the world. The first company in the world to provide mining pool services. The founder is Marek Palatinus. Chinese companies occupy a large share of mining pools, but SlushPool is a company that originated in the Czech Republic. Bitcoin mining share is always ranked high and has a great influence on the Bitcoin market.

Security Token

A security token is a type of token. Tokens backed by real-world value. Security means securities, and has similar properties to security (security), such as distributing profits to token holders, and is issued as a financial product in compliance with financial product related laws and regulations.

In ICOs (initial coin offerings), which issue tokens for fundraising purposes, there is no backing for the token's credibility, and investors recognize it as a high-risk investment. In the first place, there were many opinions that tokens used for such purposes should be subject to regulation because they have the nature of securities. As a result, security tokens will be created that treat tokens in the same way as securities, and are expected to encourage sound investment in the cryptocurrency industry.

STO (Security Token Offering)

STO stands for Security Token Offering. Financing using security (securities) tokens.

A security token is a token that distinguishes it by treating the issued token as equivalent to securities, while general tokens are expressed as utility tokens. ICOs (initial coin offerings) are well-known as fundraising in the cryptocurrency industry, but speculative concentration of funds is viewed as a problem. On the other hand, STOs are attracting attention as a method that can correct abnormal flow of funds because they procure funds in compliance with regulations such as the Securities Act.

Segwit

Segwit stands for Segragated Witness. One solution to the scalability problem. A solution to the scalability problem by compressing the transaction data to increase the effective transaction volume while keeping the block size as it is. On the other hand, there are also cases where miners show reluctance due to the possibility that they may need to prepare mining machines that support SegWit. In Bitcoin, Seguit was introduced in 2017, but there are problems such as the spread of wallets compatible with SegWit is not progressing.

Sentiment

Sentiment is translated as "market psychology" and means the mental trend of the market that investors have. While investors try to predict market trends based on objective data, they invest with future expectations for the market. Sentiment is like an investor's future expectations, and when it is said that "sentiment is weak", it is a risk-averse tendency to sell with a little bad news, but not react much to positive news. means. Sentiment in English.

Zero Downtime

Zero downtime is the property that a system or service never stops. Blockchain technology built by multiple nodes by P2P realizes zero downtime without system stoppage. As a result, cryptocurrencies will not be temporarily unavailable due to server down or maintenance, and can be traded 24 hours a day.

However, the cryptocurrency exchanges that many people actually use experience delays in processing due to high loads and temporary server downs due to maintenance, so the trading platform is not zero downtime. should be noted.

Zero-Knowledge Proof

Zero-Knowledge Proof is one of the methods of transmitting information using cryptographic technology. To prove that you possess confidential information to the other party without informing them of the confidential information.

For example, in a bitcoin transaction, anyone can confirm the information that ``sender A'' has transferred ``10 BTC'' to ``recipient B''. While this transparency helps prevent fraud, it violates anonymity. On the other hand, a virtual currency that introduces zero-knowledge proof can verify this information by a third party and prove that the transaction is not fraudulent. The mechanism is that the verifier poses several questions about the secret information, and if the prover can answer all of them, it is proven that he knows the secret information.

For example, a stranger claims to know his home address. When I asked questions about my home address (name of neighbor, name of nearby supermarket, distance to nearby park, etc.), I was able to answer all of them. It's scary, but you can prove that the person knows your home address without giving it. This process becomes more reliable as the number of questions increases. The technology that realizes zero-knowledge proof is called "zk-SNARK", which was developed by ZCash and is the first currency to be introduced. Virtual currencies that introduce zero-knowledge proofs are called anonymous currencies or permissionless cryptocurrencies. In English, zero-knowledge proof.

Zen (Zen / JPYZ)

Zen is a type of virtual currency. A stable coin (yen-pegged currency) that is guaranteed to be exchanged at 1 yen = 1 JPYYZ. It is issued as part of an experimental attempt by the Blockchain Promotion Council (BCCC). The purpose is to suppress large price fluctuations, which is a drawback of virtual currency management, and to promote the penetration of virtual currency into the real world.

Soft fork

Soft fork is one of the forms of branching (forking) of the blockchain accompanying the addition of new functions and rule changes of the blockchain, or its process. Blockchain is operated and managed by an unspecified number of nodes, so there is a problem of how to make decisions when updating. A soft fork is one of those decision-making tools. Two different compatible systems will temporarily coexist on the blockchain, and decisions will be made to converge on the system with the most supporters.

During the soft fork, there is no unified rule, so it is said that there is a risk of confusion, but there is a grace period for system changes, so it is possible to form a sufficient consensus. . An incompatible update is called a hard fork, and once forked there is no going back, resulting in a completely different system. An example of a soft fork is the addition of SegWit, which can increase transaction volume by shrinking transaction data.

Solo Mining

Solo mining means that an individual performs mining on his own PC alone. Mining by one person (solo) tends to be less cost-effective than cloud mining or mining pools. However, solo mining allows you to get all the rewards for yourself, so you can aim for a lump sum.

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Timestamp

Timestamp is a technique to prove the time when a certain data or file was created. Used to verify the existence or tampering of certain data or files. However, on blockchains managed by multiple nodes, it is not easy to record accurate time due to network delays and node failures. Therefore, on the blockchain, a "distributed timestamp" technology is used that calculates the average value of the time indicated by each node.

Dow Theory

A market theory proposed by American securities analyst Charles Dow. Known as the foundation of technical analysis.

It consists of six principles for analyzing the price movement of the market.

1.The average stock price incorporates all events

2.The market has short-term (minor trends), medium-term (secondary trends), and long-term (major trends) trends.

3. Major trends are formed in 3 stages

4. Prices need to be mutually confirmed

5. Check the trend not only with candlesticks but also with volume

6.Trend continues until clear reversal signal

TAOTAO

TAOTAO is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan. In April 2018, Z Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Yahoo!, was established by investing in Bitargo Exchange Tokyo. In February 2019, the company name was changed to "TAOTAO", and in May of the same year, the virtual currency trading service was launched. Internet giant Yahoo! has attracted a lot of attention as it entered the cryptocurrency industry. The company has a foundation for online businesses and payment services that are compatible with virtual currencies, such as Yahoo! Shopping, Yahoo! Auctions, and Yahoo!

DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization)

DAO stands for Decentralized Autonomous Organization. In Japanese, it is translated as an autonomous decentralized organization.

In modern society, management systems that give a certain degree of decision-making power to people such as prime ministers, presidents, leaders, and bosses are widely used to govern countries and companies. Even in the history of mankind, there are almost no examples of success in forming a completely flat social structure. DAO is an organization that uses block chain technology to make decisions by groups with no difference in the right to speak among individuals, and in a sense, it can be said that it is a completely new concept for us.

One of the major efforts toward the realization of DAO is a project called "The DAO" that was launched in 2016. The content of The DAO is to invest money and then vote on the projects with the highest growth potential. The project fell apart after just two months after being attacked by hackers using the "The DAO" vulnerability (bug). However, there is no doubt that it was not an easy attempt, and in the sense that we were able to collect funds from 10,000 users, it was a kind of success, or even a step forward.

Dark Web

The dark web is a general term for websites that cannot be accessed from commonly used browsers such as IE and Chrome. Access to the dark web requires a browser called Tor, which was developed to provide a high level of protection for personal information.

In order to reach a certain dark web, there is no search engine like Google. Anonymity is very high. Therefore, it is also becoming a problem to use it for criminal purposes such as selling drugs and weapons, and as a means of information exchange for terrorist organizations.

In the early days of virtual currency, the dark web called "Silk Road", which conducts illegal transactions using Bitcoin, attracted attention. Custodian Ross Ulbricht was subsequently arrested, leading to awareness of the dangers of cryptocurrencies and the potential utility of Bitcoin to the wider public.

Many of the NEMs stolen from Coincheck were allegedly bought and sold at discounted rates on this dark web.

Dark Pool

A dark pool is a type of off-exchange trading. In English, it is expressed as a "dark pool of liquidity" and has the meaning of undisclosed liquidity.

In general, individual investors trade on exchanges, but when investors who have a large influence on the market, such as large investors, trade on stock exchanges, the market fluctuates greatly. There is a risk of a stock market crash. Dark pools are needed to keep the market functioning normally.

DASH (Dash / DASH)

Dash is a type of virtual currency. The feature is that transactions that ensure anonymity (Dark send) are possible, and immediate settlement using the instant settlement function (InstantSend) is possible.

One of the characteristics of cryptocurrencies is transparency, such as the fact that information about who traded with whom is generally recorded on the blockchain. . On the other hand, anonymity can be maintained in information by conducting transactions through masternodes. As a result, the approval time can be greatly shortened, and it is also a great advantage that the speed is fast, such as being able to generate blocks in a few seconds.

Dash was handled by the cryptocurrency exchange Coincheck for a long time, but it was discontinued in 2018.

DApps

DApps stands for Decentralized Applications. A decentralized, decentralized application created by applying blockchain technology not only to currency management but also to application management and operation. In general, many applications are operated under a centralized and collective management system, and security vulnerabilities and exploitative business operations have become problems, but Dapps are attracting attention as a new application that solves these problems. be.

Charts

A chart is a diagram or line that shows price movements from the past to the present. Charts have become the basic indicators for trading, not only for virtual currencies but also for financial products in general, and various analyzes and predictions are made on each chart.

You may also like: List of Cointelegraph cryptocurrency price charts

Charlie Shrem

Charles Shrem is an American entrepreneur and Bitcoin investor. He founded bitcoin exchange Bitinstant in 2011, when cryptocurrencies were not well known. Schlemm was arrested in 2014 for his involvement in laundering money using the exchange. After that, in 2016, he was released from prison and launched Crypto.IQ, utilizing his knowledge of the cryptocurrency industry. The company provides information services such as virtual currency trading and market analysis reports. In addition, he has a strong presence in the cryptocurrency industry, such as developing a debit card for the cryptocurrency DASH and working as a business development director for Jaxx, a cryptocurrency wallet.

DeCurret

DeCurret is a domestic virtual currency trading platform that was certified as a virtual currency exchange business in March 2019. DeCurret, which operates the company, is an affiliated company of IIJ Co., Ltd., but many other large Japanese companies such as Itochu, JR East, and Dentsu have invested in it, and the backbone is a strong management system. I can say There are reports that a service to charge electronic money such as Suica from virtual currency will be started, and expectations are high.

In July 2019, 12 major companies such as KDDI and Konami implemented a third-party allotment and raised 3.4 billion yen, and the scale is very large.

In addition, spot trading has been started since April, and the currencies handled are Bitcoin (BTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), and Ripple (XRP).

Also See: Digital Currency: Is the New Era Dawning? DeCurret President also released an image of him talking about the purpose of virtual currency charging with watermelon etc.

Tether (USDT)

Tether is a type of virtual currency and is a stable coin (dollar peg currency) that is guaranteed to be exchanged at 1 USD = 1 USDT. The advantages of virtual currency, such as low fees, fast transaction speed, and 24-hour trading, can also be applied to fiat currency, so it is expected to increase the liquidity of the currency. It is also attracting attention as a stable and quick means of cashing out and cashing out in times of market downturn.

On the other hand, it is sometimes talked about whether there is really a backing US dollar as a dollar-pegged currency.

Tezos (XTZ)

Tezos is a type of virtual currency.

The system works on the basis of smart contracts, the main goal of which is to use special tools to suggest algorithms for auto-renewal so that common bugs and forks like we have seen in the case of Bitcoin. is to avoid The platform also boasts a high degree of security, controlled by online voting conducted through the PoS (Proof of Stake) protocol.

Even though Tezos was launched with a large amount of funding in the ICO, there was a division within the development team and a class action lawsuit by the ICO participants. It's getting

Telegram

Telegram is a messenger app like Line or Whatsup. Since its launch in 2013, the number of users has increased. As of 2018, it has over 100 million users.

The biggest feature is high security and high communication speed. It has a high level of privacy protection compared to other major apps, such as a secret chat mode that blocks conversations to third parties. With the progress of globalization and the information society, it is said that it is also being used in virtual currency projects as an application that can be exchanged instantly and can ensure information confidentiality.

TenX (TenX / PAY)

TenX is a kind of virtual currency. It is a service that provides a payment method (TenX card) that allows you to use your virtual currency at physical stores, and issues PAY as its own currency. It is expected that shopping with virtual currency will become more familiar.

Ceiling

The ceiling is the highest price in the stock market, etc., or the highest price in a market that goes up and down. Conversely, the low price of the market is called the “trough”. The ceiling becomes sharp on the graph where the market fluctuates.

Ten Bagger

A Ten Bagger is a stock whose stock price has increased (or is expected to increase) by a factor of 10. It is also called a large stock.

Degawa-sei (Degawa-gumi)

Degawa-sei is a slang expression quoted by comedian Tetsuro Degawa who appeared in a coin check commercial. In December 2017, when the cryptocurrency market soared, the general term for people who bought cryptocurrencies due to the frequent airing of coin check commercials. Coincheck was hacked on January 26 of the following year, and they faced damage such as their assets being frozen just over a month after opening an account, and the intention is to ridicule that.

Digital assets

Digital assets are also positioned as assets that exist in digital form and emerging assets, as opposed to assets that exist as physical assets.

Real assets have been recognized as assets because they have a physical form, but digital ones have no physical form. Digital things whose safety and rarity are ensured based on cryptographic technology can have value as assets, and they are recognized as digital assets. Virtual currency is famous as a digital asset because high security and scarcity are guaranteed by blockchain technology. Broadly speaking, digital documents, digital photographs, animations and music can also be recognized as digital assets.

Digital Signature

A digital signature is a technology used to detect forgery or falsification of digital documents and to verify the author.

In the real world, the legitimacy of documents is proved by signatures and seals, but in the case of digital documents, it is not easy to prove authenticity. With digital signatures, if the hash value of the original document (data) created by the sender and the hash value of the document (data) actually received by the recipient are the same, the recipient is proved to have received the genuine article. Through this process, it is possible to confirm that the data has not been tampered with or replaced. Furthermore, since the hash value sent is encrypted with the sender's private key, the recipient can confirm the fact that it was sent from the sender by decrypting it with the sender's public key. Yes (public key cryptography). This series of processes is called a digital signature.

DEX (Decentralized Exchange)

DEX (Decentralized Exchange) stands for Decetralized Exchange.

While a major feature of virtual currency is its non-centralized nature of distributed management using blockchain technology, exchanges that trade virtual currencies are administrators and management companies like conventional exchanges. operated under centralized control. Virtual currency used for transactions, legal currency such as yen and dollar, is managed in one place, so there is a risk of temporary suspension of service due to server down, leakage of customer assets due to hacking, embezzlement by insiders, etc. It was exposed to risk, and in fact the Mt. Gox incident and the Coincheck incident occurred.

The virtual currency system itself cannot be hacked or tampered with due to blockchain technology, and its safety and transparency are currently ensured. DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) is also expected to create highly secure and transparent exchanges and reduce possible risks by using blockchains to manage exchanges in a decentralized manner. In addition, since there is no central administrator, it is believed that the complicated process of submitting identity verification documents required for opening an account can be reduced, and transaction costs such as fees incurred for each transaction can be reduced. IDEX, Kyber network, 0x, etc. are famous as DEX projects.

Learn more about DEXs here: What is a Decentralized Exchange (DEX)?

Dead Cat Bounce

A dead cat bounce is a temporary rebound phenomenon that occurs after a significant decline in stock prices. Literally translated, it uses a scene such as ``Even a dead cat bounces back if you drop it from a high place'' as a metaphor. This is not limited to the stock market, as in other markets as well, markets that have experienced large declines have subsequently seen small recoveries. A term that originated on Wall Street.

Dead Cross

A dead cross is a "sell" signal that can be obtained as a result of technical analysis. For analysis, moving averages (SMA) and exponential moving averages (EMA) are used. A golden cross is when the short-term moving averages cross over the long-term moving averages from top to bottom.

Deployment

Deployment is a term related to software development, making information systems, services, and applications provided on a network available. It mainly means moving the software developed by the developer from the test stage to the practical stage.

Deflation

Deflation is a sustained decline in prices (the prices of goods and services) that occurs over a period of time. Abbreviation is deflation. Deflation is generally used as a term to indicate economic stagnation. It means that the price of goods and services is pushed down or stays at a low level as a result of a slowdown in economic activity that suppresses consumption and investment activities and an imbalance between supply and demand in the market. If prices decline in the future, consumers think that it will be cheaper to buy in a year or two years than to buy now. As a result, economic activity will be further restrained, prompting continued price declines.

Deflationary Spiral

A deflationary spiral is a negative spiral in which the economy shrinks due to a combination of falling prices and worsening corporate performance.

Continuous price declines due to deflation reduce the willingness to buy on the demand side (consumers). This is because consumers believe that saving money is more profitable than spending it now. As a result, the business performance of the company deteriorated. Companies are faced with the choice of cutting salaries or laying off workers. This fuels anxiety about the future, and households choose to save more than consume. However, it will lead to further deterioration of the business performance of the company, and in the worst case, bankruptcy will be selected.

In this way, the deflationary spiral will continue to suppress economic activity, and it will not be easy to get out of this situation. Some argue that the deflationary spiral occurred during Japan's so-called "lost decade."

Derivatives

Derivatives refer to financial products in general. Generally called financial derivatives, financial products designed for the purpose of reducing the risk of financial products such as stocks and bonds, or to achieve high returns while accepting the risks. Specifically, there are futures trading, option trading, and swap trading, and there are also transactions that combine them.

Deleverage

Deleverage is the removal of leveraged trades. It mainly means risk aversion that investors who engage in leveraged trading judge the future of the market to be unstable.

Electronic certificate

A digital certificate is a certificate that ensures identity verification when exchanging digital documents. The identity verification process for digital documents is generally achieved by electronic signatures, but to verify that the public key (the key to decrypt the electronic signature) sent by the sender is really sent by the sender, a direct I have no choice but to meet and confirm. Therefore, an electronic certification authority, which is a third-party organization, performs identity verification and issues an electronic certificate to ensure the legitimacy of the electronic signature.

Ticker Symbol

A ticker symbol is a code used to identify listed stocks in financial product transactions. In Europe and the United States, it is represented by 1 to 4 letters of the alphabet. In Japan, it is equivalent to the stock code, and is usually displayed as a four-digit number. For example, Microsoft listed on NASDAQ is MSFT, and Apple is AAPL. Toyota listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange is displayed as 7203.

DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology)

DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) stands for Decentralized Ledger Technology. A technology that distributes and manages a ledger containing transaction records on a network by a large number of users. Blockchain is a prime example of this.

In the existing financial system, the process of recording and managing customer deposit balances is managed and operated by banks' central servers. In this case, the customer uses the system with the assumption that the bank will not tamper with personal records and protect the data from all dangers. However, in reality, there are limits to the opacity and risk management of the centrally managed financial system, such as customer data leaks, temporary suspension of use due to system failure, and fund management that is different from the official statement. With DLT, multiple users share ledger records through a network, so it is easy to detect fraud or falsification, and it is possible to spread the risk of system failures and local disasters. DLT realizes issuance management of virtual currency by blockchain, and it is expected to be used in further fields.

DMM Bitcoin

DMM Bitcoin is one of the virtual currency (crypto asset) exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2016, an exchange operated by DMM Bitcoin Co., Ltd., a virtual currency (crypto asset) exchange operator certified by the Financial Services Agency. Service started in 2018 with the change of the company name of "Tokyo Bitcoin Exchange". It is attracting attention as a virtual currency (crypto asset) exchange operated by the DMM Group. A major feature is that the amount of altcoins that can be traded with leverage is the largest in Japan. For a long time, only Bitcoin and Ethereum were handled as physical transactions, but from July 2019, Ripple (XRP) was also handled.

Also recommended: Interview with President Taguchi of DMM Bitcoin: Cryptocurrency exchange industry at a crossroads;

DigixDao (DGD)

DigixDao is a type of virtual currency. DigixDao is a virtual currency that aims to realize a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). It is also a gold-backed virtual currency and has the properties of a stablecoin.

DigixDao has two tokens. DGD tokens are used for the purpose of making future decisions on DigxDao by voting DGD token holders. The other is the DGX token, which can be exchanged for gold, which is a physical asset. It enables the reduction of fees for gold transactions and free gold transactions on the network. The system is maintained by Proof of Asset (PoA), which records data on the blockchain that proves the existence and ownership of gold. Backed by 1 gram of gold, the DGX Token is a reward token for participation in DigixDAO decision-making. It is attracting attention as a virtual currency backed by gold.

Discover Dash

Discover Dash is a site that aggregates payment usage information for the cryptocurrency dash (DASH). The usage status of DASH is aggregated with statistical data, and data such as which countries DASH is used in, how many stores it can be used in, and what industries DASH is used in are posted. As of 2018, it can be seen that it is most used in Venezuela, but unfortunately the usage situation in Japan is not disclosed. It might be a good idea to find a shop that accepts dash payments when traveling abroad.

Decentraland (MANA)

Decentraland is a type of virtual currency. Virtual currency that can be used in VR (virtual reality) games and Decentraland. Utilizing the characteristics of Ethereum's smart contract technology, it is possible to reliably buy and sell land, products, and services in the VR world.

Decred (DCR)

Decred is a type of virtual currency. Decred was founded by crypto enthusiasts who saw that Bitcoin decision-making was becoming increasingly centralized due to the existence of mining pools.

Decred uses a hybrid version of the Proof of Work and Proof of Stake algorithms. Holders of DCR tokens can validate transactions and vote on various proposals to earn staking rewards. Nonetheless, Decred allows for a simple mining process similar to Bitcoin. Unlike Bitcoin, where all 100% of the token is acquired by miners, Decredcoin will have 60% go to miners, 30% of the token will go to voters, and 10% will be used for the future improvement of Decred. be.

Decred also aims to implement the Lightning Network. Lightning works outside the blockchain, improving the scalability of the network and its processing speed. Decred is now one of the most promising cryptocurrencies due to its speed, willingness to improve, and ability to aggregate user opinions.

DPoS

DPoS stands for Delegated Proof of Stake. Delegated means elected, delegated, in PoS (Proof of Stake), block approval is performed by nodes selected by voting weighted by the amount of virtual currency held (stake) .

PoS was a mechanism that makes it easier to be elected as a block approver according to the amount of currency held, so the difference in financial strength was a problem, but with DPoS, even those who have a small amount of currency can If you can get votes from people with a lot of holdings (votes with strong influence), you will be elected as an approver. And if the elected person tries to commit fraud, an indirect democratic process will work, such as the status of the approver will be revoked. As a result, approval speed can be improved and power consumption can be saved. It can be said that the shortcomings of PoW and PoS are improved.

Investment Trusts

Investment trusts are an investment method in which an individual's funds are managed by an investment expert. A system in which funds collected from individuals are treated as a single large fund, invested in multiple stocks and bonds under the management of investment professionals, and the profits obtained are distributed to individuals.

As a result of depositing funds held by individuals for a certain period of time, it is similar to deposits in the sense that principal and interest can be obtained, but since the principal is not guaranteed in investment trusts, there is a risk of loss as a result. Open-ended investment trusts give individuals the option to avoid such risks, so they can be redeemed (cancellation of the investment trust) even during the investment period. On the other hand, closed-end investment trusts cannot be canceled in the middle, but stable fund management is possible accordingly.

Tor

Tor stands for The Onion Router. A communication method that enhances an individual's anonymity on the Internet, ensures the exchange of sensitive information, and protects privacy. Initial development was conducted under the initiative of the US government, and was developed on the premise that it would be applied for military purposes.

Normally, when someone accesses a website, the IP address of the person who accessed the server (a number that identifies an individual on the Internet) is left behind, making it possible to identify the individual who accessed the website. . However, using Tor to access the Internet, send emails, etc., can maintain almost complete anonymity. The way certain information travels over the Internet while protected by a layer of encryption is reminiscent of an onion. used.

Token

A token is a currency issued by borrowing a blockchain that already exists in a community or project that does not have its own blockchain. In a broad sense, it is used synonymously with virtual currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are virtual currencies issued by their own blockchains, and are called key currencies or coins for tokens.

Because tokens are virtual currencies issued by borrowing existing blockchain technology, it is easy for individuals and companies to issue virtual currencies, and many people carry out projects using blockchain technology. be able to. The ERC20 token issued with Ethereum as the base currency is famous. In particular, it is used for ICO (funding using tokens), and it is also used as an internal currency that can only be used within a certain project or specific application.

Anonymous currency

A general term for virtual currencies with high anonymity. Since anyone can view the transaction records of virtual currency, it is easy to trace who used the currency and how it was used. It is said that it will be useful for monitoring the market, and expectations are high.

On the other hand, there is also a growing need for a virtual currency that completely retains anonymity for individuals, as it may facilitate the leakage of personal information and surveillance by the government. Anonymous currency is popular as a virtual currency that meets such needs. Dash, Monero, and Zcach are typical examples.

Tom Lee (Thomas J. Lee)

Tom Lee is the representative of US research company Fundstrat, a US cryptocurrency analyst, and a well-known cryptocurrency bull. New York-based Fundstrat has taken a proactive stance toward cryptocurrency investment, including the development of the Bitcoin Misery Index (BMI), an index that indicates when to buy Bitcoin. He suggested that one bitcoin could be worth $10 million in the long term.

Transactions

Transactions mean transactions in general, and in virtual currency, transactions recorded on the blockchain. It is impossible to falsify transactions, and it is possible to grasp who has how much currency based on information such as who sent what amount to whom.

Transaction malleability

Transaction malleability refers to the fact that a third party can falsify transaction data in the process of performing virtual currency transactions, making it possible for double transactions to occur. system vulnerabilities. Technically, transaction malleability is solved by implementing SegWit, so it is generally recognized that it is not a fatal flaw.

Traceability

Traceability is translated as traceability, and how far it can be traced in detail, such as when and where a certain thing was made, and what kind of distribution route it followed. Expression to indicate. With cryptocurrencies, the degree of traceability can be expressed by the ability to see information such as when a currency was issued and by whom it was used. It can be assumed that highly traceable currencies cannot maintain anonymity sufficiently.

Exchange

An exchange is a trading method for buying and selling virtual currencies between users. Also known as an exchange model. Virtual currency is bought and sold by so-called "board trading", a format in which sellers and buyers conduct direct transactions.

Because the exchange only provides a place to buy and sell, it is a major feature that you can buy and sell virtual currencies with no or small fees. You can buy and sell virtual currency under relatively better conditions than at a sales office.

On the other hand, if the number of people participating in the transaction and the amount of virtual currency traded are small, problems such as intense price fluctuations and long time to confirm orders will occur. Therefore, it may be a difficult trading method for beginners who are not sensitive to price deviations and changes in trading volume. Even if it takes time, it can be said that it is a trading method for those who want to trade cheaply at their desired price anyway.

TREZOR

TREZOR is a type of hard wallet. A device for trading Bitcoin that operates independently of the Internet. Consists of the owner's private key that allows offline transactions.

Compared to traditional cold wallets, the advantage of Trezor is that it does not expose secret data when making payments, ensuring complete security. Before you can start using it, you need to register an account on Trezor's website. As long as the device is with the owner, there is no need to worry about hacker risks. By design, it functions as a small computer in which you can see all the transactions, and at any time you can see the details such as the amount and the amount received. If your wallet is connected to your computer, you will need to enter your security pin code. A representative of Trezor explained that even a computer infected with a virus poses no threat to the Trezor wallet. The device itself is small enough to be held on a keyring.

Tron (Tron / TRX)

Tron is a type of virtual currency with Tron development teams based in Beijing and San Francisco.

Currently, with the spread of the Internet, the market for digital content created and produced by individuals is expanding, but producers are unable to achieve efficient monetization due to intermediary exploitation. In response, TRON aims for the sound development of the digital content industry by providing a platform for efficient buying and selling and trading of digital content, and by ensuring copyright protection using blockchain technology.

Tron is always included in the top of the market capitalization, but in the virtual currency industry, there are pros and cons about the actual situation of Tron, and various discussions are being developed.

Dogecoin (Dogecoin / DOGE)

Dogecoin is a type of virtual currency. It was invented by Mr. Jackson Palmer, a product developer at Adobe, and Billy Marcus, a software engineer at IBM. It is a virtual currency with a Shiba Inu motif, and when it was first issued, it spread as a parody. However, Dogecoin has formed a stable and friendly community, and with a market capitalization of over $1 billion in early 2018, Dogecoin is too big to ignore in the cryptocurrency industry.

Dogecoin's "tip function" (Like function) was accepted and revitalized its activities. Community activities are characterized by support for members who have been hacked and charity activities beyond the community. For example, he donated $50,000 to the Jamaican bobsled team so that it can participate in the 2014 Sochi Olympics. He also donated $30,000 to a project to build wells in the Tana River Basin in Kenya. On the online petition site Change.org, there is a campaign appealing for the use of the virtual currency Dogecoin on Amazon.

Doten Order

Doten Order is an order to convert a position. For example, there are investors (investors in a buying position) who are trying to make a profit by buying bitcoin at a low price and selling it at a high price. Bitcoin price rose as investors expected, but instead of taking profits, investors changed their positions to sell. In other words, he thought that buying bitcoin at a high price and selling it at a low price would be more profitable. An order for changing a position like this is called a stop order.

Dominance

Dominance is the share of a cryptocurrency in the cryptocurrency market. Dominance is a word that expresses "occupancy rate, share". used for

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Niagara

Niagara is a major price drop in the stock market. It expresses how the stock price collapses like Niagara Falls on the US-Canada border. It is sometimes abbreviated as Gala. It is often abbreviated as Gara.

NASDAQ

NASDAQ is one of the world's largest stock exchanges. The official name of NASDAQ is the Over-the-Counter Stock Quote Automatic Reporting System. Founded in 1971 and headquartered in New York. The exchange covers stocks of tech companies such as software, electronics and devices. The company's activities are regulated by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Nasdaq is also one of the stock exchanges showing a positive stance on cryptocurrency trading, not only introducing Bitcoin and Ethereum index funds, but also adding an XRP index from May 2019.

Market Order (Nariyuki Chumon)

A market order is to buy or sell stocks without specifying a price. Since the transaction is performed at the price presented at the time of buying and selling, if it is a market buy, it will be bought at the highest offered price at that time, and if it is a market sell, it will be sold at the lowest offered price at that time. It is a great advantage that you can buy and sell immediately, but since it does not consider price fluctuations, it can be considered a disadvantage that you may end up buying higher or selling lower than the market price.

Nonce (Nonce Value)

Nonce is an abbreviation of "nonce" in English and "number used once". It means a number that is used only once, and is a disposable, randomly calculated number used during mining.

In mining, one person who wins the computational competition can connect the blocks they generated themselves to the blockchain and receive rewards. This computational race is the task of finding the value of a hashed nonce, which requires miners to do a huge amount of computation. The calculation itself only identifies a random number nonce that has nothing to do with transactions, and some question whether it is really necessary given the excessive power consumption.

Double payment

Double payment means paying (sending) the same currency to different parties at the same time. A double spend in a given currency doubles the denomination of that currency, but halves the value of each currency. And if double payments are made constantly, the value of the currency itself will be infinitely close to zero. Therefore, a currency that allows double spending loses the credit that backs its value. In other words, preventing double spending is a prerequisite for currency.

Since digitized currencies (deposit information, electronic money, virtual currency, etc.) are settled by exchanging only data (ledger records), double payments are possible if even the data can be falsified. It is said that virtual currency has achieved prevention of double payment by blockchain technology that makes full use of cryptographic technology.

Two-step verification

Two-step verification (2FA) is a two-step login that you perform when accessing your assets on a virtual currency exchange. about the method. Not only virtual currency, but also other services are spreading.

As a method, by setting in advance so that a one-time password is sent to the terminal or any e-mail address, you will need not only a user name and password but also a one-time password when logging in. A mechanism that prevents unauthorized access even if such information is leaked to the outside.

Nick Szabo

Nick Szabo is an American computer scientist, especially in the field of cryptography. He has been researching the realization of digital currency since before the birth of bitcoin, and has proposed a decentralized currency concept "bit gold", but it has not been realized. not present. However, it is clear from Satoshi Nakamoto's statement that this concept has been inherited by Bitcoin. In addition, there is a suspicion that it is Satoshi Nakamoto himself from such a background.

Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA)

The Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA) is a self-regulatory organization certified by the Financial Services Agency. 17 virtual currency exchange companies (as of February 2019) are designated as first-class members, and other related companies as second-class members, and are given the authority to dispose of members according to their own rules. .

Virtual currency is a new business that uses cutting-edge technology, and new problems arise one after another, and it is difficult to deal with it within existing laws and regulations. Therefore, it is necessary for the industry to create detailed rules and establish self-regulation. At its core, JVCEA is expected to bring soundness and further development to the cryptocurrency industry.

Japan Virtual Currency Business Association (JCBA)

The Japan Virtual Currency Business Association (JCBA) is an organization that promotes the use of virtual currency by companies. It corresponds to the former Japan Virtual Currency Business Association. The purpose is to support the entry of financial-related companies such as banks, securities companies, and insurance companies into the cryptocurrency business, and to spread the understanding of cryptocurrencies throughout society. It provides business opportunities using virtual currency, such as holding study sessions energetically, and provides a place to deepen cooperation between companies.

Japan Blockchain Association (JBA)

The Japan Blockchain Association (JBA) is a general incorporated association that promotes the social contribution of blockchain technology. In April 2016, it was reorganized and established from the Japan Value Record Business Association. Through information exchange and study sessions with blockchain-related projects and related ministries, we aim to make blockchain technology widely recognized as a technology that can contribute to the development of the Japanese economy. Famous for defining the definition of blockchain early in the world.

NEO (Neo / NEO)

Neo (NEO) is a type of virtual currency. A blockchain platform built around the idea of ​​building a scalable network for decentralized applications. Neo is very similar to Ethereum, but it has some features that are unique to Neo.

Neo, for example, has the ability to support many common programming languages ​​such as JavaScript and C++. This is done by using a customized Docker called neoVM that compiles the code into the environment. Unlike Ethereum, which requires the use of native programming languages ​​to execute smart contracts.

Neo also has network integrations with many other cryptocurrencies. This is a unique feature of Neo while most other platforms focus on their coins. NEO has the potential to become a global digital system in the smart economy. Some see Neo as having the potential to grow further in the future.

Founder Da Hong Fei is the CEO of Onchain, a company that develops and researches blockchain

NEM (Nem / XEM)

Nem is a type of virtual currency. It was named NEM, an acronym for "New Economy Movement." It is a virtual currency developed with the aim of creating a new economic framework and has formed a deep-rooted community.

All users with 10,000 XEM or more will be given an “importance score” to increase their chances of getting rewards when mining. That is, miners with higher importance scores can receive higher rewards. This will give NEM users the desire to participate in transactions in addition to owning coins. This is a mechanism called PoI (Proof of Importance), which is different from Bitcoin PoW and Ripple PoC.

In January 2018, a large amount of NEM leaked from the cryptocurrency exchange Coincheck, but it can be said that the security of NEM itself is at a high level, including the introduction of multisig transactions.

Node

Node means a junction or relay point in Japanese. In general, it means a terminal part connected by a network, and specifically means a smartphone, a personal computer, a printer, etc. connected on a network. In the context of virtual currency, a large number of unspecified individuals or personal computers used by individuals that support blockchain, which is the core technology of virtual currency, are called nodes.

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High Yield Bonds

High yield bonds are low credit, high yield bonds. High-yield bonds are called high-yield bonds. In general, the higher the credit (debt repayment capacity), the lower the bond yield, and conversely, the lower the credit, the higher the yield. Rating agencies evaluate the creditworthiness of bonds in a ranking format, and bonds with a rating of BB or lower are mainly high yield bonds.

Hyperledger

Hyperledger is a community established by the Linux Foundation to promote blockchain technology. Hyperledger will develop an open source project that conducts research and development to try to apply blockchain technology to various industries. Regardless of the field, many companies from all over the world will participate and explore the possibilities of blockchain technology. From Japan, major companies such as Hitachi and Fujitsu are also participating.

Howie Test

A Howie Test is a test to determine whether a transaction or product is a security.

There is a problem as to whether the tokens used in ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings), which are fundraising using virtual currency, have the properties of securities. At this stage, there is no unified recognition that tokens are equivalent to securities, so unplanned businesses can raise funds with ICOs, and there are ICOs that are fraudulent in the first place. In contrast, STOs (Security Token Offerings), which are fund procurement using security tokens that treat tokens as equivalent to securities, are gaining popularity.

Hacker

A hacker is a computer expert who uses his technical knowledge of computers to solve problems. Generally, it is recognized as a word that refers to a malicious person who exploits the vulnerability (bug) of the computer system to invade (hack) the computer system, but originally it has a neutral meaning. Cryptocurrency exchanges have become an attractive target for malicious hackers who can get their hands on a large amount of money at once, causing huge losses all over the world. In response to these damages, the security of exchanges is being improved to be robust, but at the individual level, it is required to improve the skills to protect yourself from malicious hackers.

hackathon

Hackathon is an IT-related coined word that combines hack and marathon. It was first used in the US IT industry. It is held for the purpose of programming in collaboration and creating a certain product efficiently in a short period of time. It is often held at blockchain-related forums.

Hacking

Hacking is exploiting bugs in a computer system to break into it. In a broad sense, it used to mean dealing with computers using advanced computer knowledge and technology, but now it has become established as a term that means malicious attacks using computers. To be precise, cracking is the act of sneaking into a computer system and destroying or falsifying data.

Hash value

A hash value is a value converted by a hash function. The hash value is generated with a certain length regardless of the size of the original data, and if there is even a slight difference in the original data, a completely different hash value is generated. It is characterized by the impossibility of conversion (irreversibility). It is known as the core technology that supports virtual currency.

Hash rate

Hash rate is a unit that expresses mining speed. It is calculated by "Hash/Second (Hash/s)", which indicates how many hashes can be calculated per second. The notation includes ``Hs'', ``KHs'' which is 1000 times faster than Hs, ``MHs'' which is 1000 times faster, and ``GHs'' which is 1000 times faster.

Hard Wallet

A hardware wallet is a type of wallet that manages virtual currency, and a dedicated terminal is used to manage virtual currency offline. Compared to hot wallets that manage virtual currencies online, it is a wallet that is used by virtual currency users as a relatively safe method of managing virtual currencies because it eliminates the risk of hacking. It also has the advantage of being able to collectively manage multiple virtual currencies on a single terminal. On the other hand, there is also the risk of losing virtual currency due to physical damage to the terminal hardware. In addition, it can be said that it is less convenient for users who perform frequent virtual currency transactions, such as it takes time to access virtual currency due to high security. Famous hard wallets include Ledger and TREZOR.

Hard fork

Hard fork is one of the means to change the virtual currency system. Accomplishing a system change by forking a virtual currency into separate virtual currencies that are completely incompatible with a new currency and an old currency. Bitcoin Cash is famous as a completely different virtual currency that was born by hard forking from Bitcoin. Ethereum Classic is also a currency created by a hard fork of Ethereum.

Burn

Burn means burning, and in virtual currency, it mainly refers to the act of making tokens unusable. If anything, such as low liquidity, lack of name recognition, etc., there are many cases where the project side that manages the token does it to attract popularity and attention. Burned tokens (virtual currencies) are expected to rise in price as their rarity increases, but in many cases there is no effect.

Binance Coin (BNB) issued by the virtual currency exchange Binance is one of the most famous currencies that is being burned.

Sales (Hanbaijo)

Sales are trading methods for buying and selling virtual currencies between users and exchanges. Also known as a sales office model. A trading method that allows you to buy and sell virtual currencies easily and instantly at the displayed price. On the other hand, since transactions are conducted at the prices set by the exchange ("selling price" and "buying price"), the difference (spread) becomes the user's commission (exchange revenue), which can lead to expensive transactions. I have concerns. It can be said that it is a trading method for people who want to trade easily and who do not want to miss a trading opportunity.

Harold Thomas Finney II

Hal Finney is an American computer engineer. He is famous as a person who was involved in the development of Bitcoin even before it came out into the world. He is also the first person to receive bitcoin from Satoshi Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin. After starting his career as a video game developer, he was also involved in the development of cryptographic software PGP that protects personal data and privacy using public key cryptography technology used for virtual currency. Also active as a member of Cypher Punk. Cryopreserved at the Alcor Life Extension Foundation after his death in August 2014.

Half-life

A process in which the amount of cryptocurrency issued decreases at regular intervals. The currency issuance process of virtual currency differs depending on each virtual currency, but there are currencies that have a half-life set (ex. Bitcoin) or currencies that do not have a half-life (ex. Ethereum).

For example, Bitcoin is set to halve once every four years, and the next halving will be in 2020. Theoretically, it is predicted that the price of the currency will rise just before the halving because the money supply will decrease.

Bytom (BTM)

Bytom is a type of virtual currency. It can be described as “a blockchain-based application built for the management and storage of cryptocurrencies and digital possessions.” All of Bytom's features are aimed at making blockchain storage easier to use with different types of "Byte Assets".

For example, there are things commonly called heterogeneous environment byte assets, such as virtual currencies and tokens, in byte assets. There are also atomic byte assets such as warrants, dividends and forecast information. Bytom supports multiple types of digital assets and their trading through cross-chain communication and smart contracts. All assets are assigned an ID based on ODIN (Open Data Index Protocol) to establish asset classification and can be stored in the form of BTM (Bitom's token) or other digital assets. Bytom has redesigned its proof-of-work consensus mechanism and also introduced a matrix mechanism that facilitates mining with Bytom's artificial intelligence ASIC chips.

Bytecoin (BCN)

Bytecoin (BCN) is a type of virtual currency. An open-source code decentralized cryptocurrency based on CryptoNote technology, designed to protect user privacy. A major feature of Bytecoin is CryptoNote technology, and Bytecoin is the first cryptocurrency to implement it.

CryptoNote is a protocol built to make cryptocurrencies safer. It works like the Bitcoin protocol in that it uses public addresses and public keys, but unlike Bitcoin, Bytecoin transactions hide all connections between senders and receivers. The public keys of Bytecoin transaction senders are grouped so that viewers know that one of the senders in the group is responsible for the transaction, but cannot identify which sender. can't. Transactions typically take about two minutes, but they say they are much more secure than Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

Binance

Binance is a Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2017. The founder is Zhao Changpeng, also known as CZ. He was ranked third in the US economic magazine Forbes' ranking of cryptocurrency billionaires for the first time in 2018. Binance is recognized as the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, with an overwhelming number of registered users, trading volume, and number of coins handled. The company also has a base in Malta and is actively working on the practical application of virtual currency and blockchain technology.

As for Japan, it was very popular and had many users since its opening, but in order to operate a virtual currency exchange business in Japan, it is necessary to register with the Financial Services Agency, so in March 2018, the Financial Services Agency More warnings have been issued, and the site notation in Japanese has disappeared.

In addition to many virtual currencies, Binance has issued its own virtual currency exchange token, Binance Coin (BNB), which can be traded. It also conducts token sales for the ICO platform “Launchpad”. As for 2019, about 7000 BTC, which is 2% of the total held by security vulnerabilities, was stolen in May. In addition, it can be said that it is an exchange that has not changed since its opening, such as launching a margin trading platform in July.

Trading value

Trading value is the total amount (price) of transactions that have been made on the stock market. Trading value is generally used for daily transactions. The trading value tends to be proportional to the trading volume (trading volume), and the relationship shows the price movement of the stock price. If the trading value falls while the trading volume rises, it means that the stock price falls. Conversely, if the trading volume falls and the trading value rises, the stock price rises. The trading value of the Tokyo Stock Exchange is recognized as an indicator of the degree of trading activity in the market as a whole, and is judged on the basis of 2 trillion yen.

VCTRADE

VCTRADE is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Japan. Established in 2016, an exchange operated by SBI Virtual Currencies Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange operator certified by the Financial Services Agency.

The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of SBI Holdings Co., Ltd., a major domestic financial institution that provides a wide range of financial services such as SBI Securities, SBI Insurance, and Sumishin SBI Net Bank. We operate. Therefore, there are many voices that high security can be expected. SBI Holdings established SBI Ripple Asia as a subsidiary, and is also promoting research and development with Ripple in order to develop a next-generation payment platform that utilizes blockchain technology in the Asian region.

Bakkt

Bakkt is a company established by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) to establish a platform for more practical use of cryptocurrencies. want to be. ICE, the parent company, has grown by selling high-speed trading through electronic exchanges using the Internet, and currently owns the world's leading exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange and also operates a settlement institution.

Bakkt was established with the aim of establishing a large-scale cryptocurrency platform to use cryptocurrencies safely and quickly in everyday life. It is also attracting attention by starting physical delivery Bitcoin futures trading.

Powell Put

The Powell Put is a rise in market forecasts due to remarks by Chairman Powell of the FRB (Federal Reserve Board). The Fed has effective monetary policy authority over not only the US economy, but the world economy as well. Therefore, remarks about the economic situation by the top of the FRB are useful as a material for future market judgment. The specific process of the Powell put can be explained as Chairman Powell's reluctance to make remarks about future interest rate hikes, and investors who expected the restraint on economic activity to be eased, pushing up stock prices and improving the economy. .

Public Chain

A public chain is a form of blockchain management. It is a blockchain that is open to the public on a network without a manager, and is operated and managed by an unspecified number of individuals. In order to realize a decentralized currency, which has been the basic idea since the birth of Bitcoin, many virtual currencies have adopted it as a form of blockchain management that completely eliminates the existence of a central administrator.

Parabolic

Parabolic is a technical analysis that identifies the trend turning point of the market. In the case of an uptrend, the SAR (a value that draws a parabolic trend) is drawn at the bottom of the chart, and if the price movement falls below the SAR, it means a change to a downtrend. This is the point at which a buy position is converted into a sell position. On the other hand, in the case of a downtrend, the SAR is drawn at the top of the chart, and when the price movement exceeds the SAR, it means a change to an uptrend. This is the point that converts a sell position into a buy position. SAR = (EP - previous day's SAR) x AF + previous day's SAR *EP = latest high (uptrend) or low (downtrend), AF = normal 0.02 (can be changed)

Private Key

A private key is one of a pair of cryptographic keys used in public key cryptography that is under the control of an individual. Public key cryptography using a pair of cryptographic keys, a public key and a private key, is one of the cryptographic technologies used for digital signatures, and is based on the premise that only the individual who owns the private key can know it.

The private key can encrypt some data, which can only be decrypted by the public key. Conversely, data encrypted with a public key can only be decrypted with a secret key. In managing virtual currency, an individual can ensure the safety of virtual currency by possessing a private key. On the other hand, if the private key becomes known to others, it means loss of virtual currency. A private key is also called a private key or a secret key.

Byzantine problem/obstacle

The Byzantine problem/obstacle is the difficulty of achieving correct consensus building as a whole in the presence of incorrect information and malicious individuals. problem, and the failure caused by it. One of the factors behind the establishment of virtual currency is that blockchain technology has overcome the Byzantine problem.

FitBay

FitBay is the Chinese notation for Bitcoin. Read "B-te-B".

BTCBOX

BTCBOX is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Singapore. Service started in July 2018 as an exchange operated by LINE Tech Plus Corporation. As a virtual currency exchange operated by LINE, a major SNS business, it is famous for its global service development. However, as of 2018, although it is an exchange operated by the Japanese company LINE, services for Japan and the United States have been suspended due to regulations.

There is no transaction in legal currency, only virtual currency exchange, and more than 30 types of virtual currency can be traded. LINE announced the concept of "LINE Token Economy" to develop "LINK Ecosystem" centered on its own blockchain network "LINK Chain". Issue and operate “LINK Point” as a token for Japan and “LINK” as a token for overseas.

BTC.com

BTC.com is a mining pool owned by the mining industry giant Bitmain. Founded in 2015, the founder is Mr. Jihan Wu, who also runs AntPool, another huge mining pool.

A mining pool is a form of mining in which multiple miners share a hash rate, jointly mine, and share rewards, and one of the largest is BTC.com. The share of Bitcoin mining is always ranked high and has a great influence on the Bitcoin market. In addition to Bitcoin, it also mines Bitcoin Cash and Ethereum. We also offer wallets on our web page.

Bithumb

Bithumb is a South Korea-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2013. The founder is Kim Dae-sik, who also served as CEO. It is the most traded in South Korea, where cryptocurrencies are very popular, and is recognized as a major cryptocurrency exchange worldwide. In addition to trading services, they are also active in activities aimed at popularizing cryptocurrencies such as payment services. On the other hand, in June 2018, it was hacked for 19 billion won (1.87 billion yen).

BITOCEAN

BITOCEAN is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2014, an exchange operated by BitOcean Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange company certified by the Financial Services Agency. The company was established mainly by MT.GOX creditors, including Mr. Daniel Kelman, a creditor of Mt.Gox who is in the process of civil rehabilitation proceedings and struggling in Japan to repay Bitcoin. is an exchange. He is actively working to improve the practicality of virtual currency, such as developing virtual currency transactions using ATMs in China.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Bitcoin is a type of virtual currency. It was proposed and developed by Satoshi Nakamoto and released as open source software in 2009. Conventional currencies such as the yen and the dollar have secured trust under centralized control by governments and banks, but Bitcoin is a non-centralized currency under blockchain technology that enables distributed ledger management. was born as a currency. As a result, it is attracting attention as a next-generation currency that overcomes the weaknesses of conventional currency management, such as huge management costs and security vulnerabilities.

Also recommended: What is Bitcoin [Coin Telegraph commentary article]

Bitcoin ETF

Bitcoin ETF is an ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) that includes Bitcoin. Since the market size of ETFs is larger than that of cryptocurrencies, it is rumored that the price will fluctuate greatly when approved. On the other hand, there are various hurdles to approval, and in particular, the SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission) in the United States, where ETFs are applied for, repeatedly rejects or postpones examinations.

Bitcoin ATM

A Bitcoin ATM is an ATM that can exchange Bitcoin for cash or vice versa. It was created for the purpose of increasing the practical utility value of Bitcoin. Bitcoin ATMs are now installed all over the world. According to Coin ATM Radar, there are several bitcoin ATMs in Japan.

Bitcoin SV

Bitcoin SV is a virtual currency that was born in 2018 when Bitcoin Cash hard forked from Bitcoin in 2017. Currency units are expressed in BSV or BCHSV. The origin of the name Bitcoin SV is that it aims to develop Bitcoin in line with the Satoshi Vision of Bitcoin inventor Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin SV mogul Craig Wright has claimed to be Satoshi Nakamoto, but has yet to prove it.

Bitcoin Cash has formed a community with multiple development teams, but Bitcoin ABC, the largest force, is in the virtual currency industry such as Roger Ver, also known as a Bitcoin evangelist, and Bitmain, a major Chinese mining company. It has influential members. Bitcoin SV also took the form of being in tune with the Bitcoin Cash community as a development team, but in November 2018 it hard forked and advanced its own development route. It is said that this was due to a difference in development attitude with the development team centered on Bitcoin ABC.

Bitcoin FX

Bitcoin FX is FX trading using bitcoin, and you can do short (short selling) and leveraged trading that cannot be done in normal spot trading. By doing margin trading, you can aim for profit even in a falling market, and the range of trading will expand. In Japan, it can be done at many virtual currency (crypto asset) exchanges such as BitFlyer, GMO Coin, DMM Bitcoin, and Bitbank.

BitcoinCash (Bitcoin Cash / BCH)

Bitcoin Cash is a type of virtual currency. Bitcoin has a maximum transaction capacity of 1MB, and while the number of users is increasing, the ability to sufficiently carry out transactions cannot be expected, and there are concerns about scalability problems such as transaction delays and soaring fees. As a new virtual currency that corresponds to this, bitcoin cash is a forked virtual currency from bitcoin. Bitcoin Cash has increased the block size limit to 8MB, and after further updates, has now increased it to 32MB.

BitcoinGold (Bitcoin Gold / BTG)

Bitcoin Gold is a type of virtual currency that was hard forked (split) from Bitcoin.

The Bitcoin system is operated by an unspecified number of users without a central administrator, but due to the increase in transaction volume, the existing system cannot fully demonstrate its expected capabilities such as transaction delays. , the improvement of the system was requested. As a result of failing to come up with a unanimous solution, Bitcoin Gold was born as an offshoot of Bitcoin.

Bitcoin miners are becoming more and more wealthy people who can have high-performance and specialized mining equipment (ASIC), and the equality has been distorted. In Bitcoin Gold, the program was changed so that mining can be performed on PCs for general consumers, and the inequality of users due to the intensifying mining competition was improved.

Bitcoin Maximalist

A Bitcoin Maximalist is someone who believes that Bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency that will ultimately survive, or group. It is often used for people who are critical of coins other than bitcoin, and people who promote and spread bitcoin.

BitShares (BTS / BTS)

BitShares is a type of virtual currency. He aims to build a decentralized financial platform for applying blockchain technology to business and establish a decentralized automation company (DAC) on the BitShares blockchain.

BitShares operates the world's first decentralized exchange "OpenLeager", realizing a decentralized autonomous (DAO) exchange that does not have a management body like existing exchanges. Smart coins (Bit JPY, Bit USD, Bit GOLD) pegged to fiat currencies such as yen and dollars, and physical assets such as gold have been launched, solving the volatility problem of many virtual currencies. DPoS is adopted for the consensus algorithm, and the elected approver (witness) of the transaction, the committee (committe) to improve the operation policy of the blockchain, and the DAC are actually built on the BitShare blockchain. It is managed and operated under the division of three roles of entrepreneurs (workers).

BitTrent

Bittrent is a protocol for sharing and exchanging files on P2P networks. Or file sharing software that implements BitTorrent. It was developed by American programmer Bram Cohen. File sharing software that is widely used in the world. When sharing files on BitTorrent, it is possible to identify who provided or owns which file at the IP address level. Therefore, compared to other P2P software, it is used to prevent illegal file sharing and to distribute legal free software. BitTorrent, the developer of the software, is based in San Francisco.

Bitbank

Bitbank is one of the cryptocurrency exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2014, an exchange operated by Bitbank Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange operator certified by the Financial Services Agency. Security measures, low transaction fees, and user-friendly analysis tools are highly evaluated. Compared to other exchanges, the trading volume is small, but it is expected to grow in the future. We provide a service of “Lending and increasing virtual currency”, and you can receive the maximum deposited virtual currency at an annual rate of 5% after one year.

Bitpay

Bitpay is a type of wallet that manages virtual currency. A service provided by BitPay, a virtual currency payment processing company established in 2011. There are two types of wallets: desktop wallets that can be managed on a PC, and mobile wallets that can be managed by smartphones. In addition, if you use the "Bitpay Card", a debit card linked to a Visa card, you can convert the virtual currency held by individuals into cash and pay at stores that support Visa debit cards. Available virtual currencies include Bitcoin (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH). Recently, it is expanding the range of its services, such as starting to accept stablecoins.

BITPoint

BITPoint is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Japan. Established in 2016, an exchange operated by Bitpoint Japan Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange operator certified by the Financial Services Agency. It attracted attention by using Keisuke Honda, a former member of the Japanese soccer team, as an image character. The parent company is Remix Point.

As of 2018, there are six overseas exchanges in Hong Kong, South Korea, Zhejiang Province of China, Taiwan, Samoa, and Malaysia, and plans to expand into Southeast Asia in the future. In addition, we are also focusing on efforts to increase the practicality of virtual currency, such as joint demonstration experiments with Hinomaru Limousine for the purpose of introducing virtual currency payment to airport shuttle taxis.

On July 12, 2019, about 3.5 billion yen worth of virtual currency was illegally leaked due to hacking.

Hacking into the cryptocurrency exchange Bitpoint 3.5 billion yen illegally leaked | XRP (Ripple) and other brands may be leaked

bitFlyer

bitFlyer is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Japan. Established in 2014, an exchange operated by bitFlyer Inc., a virtual currency exchange company certified by the Financial Services Agency. bitFlyer is famous as Japan's largest cryptocurrency exchange. It is the largest in Japan in terms of capital, trading volume, and number of users, and is also highly evaluated for its wide variety of trading currencies.

In 2018, the cryptocurrency Lisk was listed, and its influence is so great that it causes a sharp rise in price. There are also many investments from large companies, and it can be said that their reliability is at a high level. In addition to spot trading, many investors also use Lightning FX, which is FX using Bitcoin. Lightning FX and Lightning Futures have long been traded at a leverage ratio of 15x, but on May 28, 2019, the maximum ratio will be changed to 4x.

Bitfinex

Bitfinex is a Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange established in 2013. It has a great influence on the market as a virtual currency exchange that boasts the world's top-class trading volume. In addition, it is known that the CEO of Bitfinex is the same person as the CEO of the dollar-linked cryptocurrency Tether (USDT), and Bitfinex's trends are often noted in Tether-related news.

Also recommended: Bitfinex deceived the virtual currency market |

Bitfury

Bitfury is a company established in 2011 that manufactures and sells blockchain-related hardware and software. The founder is Valery Vavilov.

Bit Fury develops and manufactures state-of-the-art mining chips, and most of the top mining companies are said to have introduced Bit Fury's products. The company itself also operates a large mining pool. On the other hand, he is also focusing on software development and is trying to apply blockchain technology to various industries. Selected as an innovative blockchain company in the EU at the BlockShow Europe 2018 conference, which gathers blockchain companies and projects from around the world.

BITMAX

BITMAX is a virtual currency exchange operated by LVC Corporation, a subsidiary of LINE Corporation. It was registered as a virtual currency exchange service provider in September 2019, and the service started in the same month.

After conducting KYC such as identity verification through LINE, a communication tool application, open an account and conduct transactions. LINE Pay etc. can also be used for deposits, and it is possible to send virtual currency in the wallet to other users and receive it from other users.

Bitmain

Bitmain is a company whose main business is cryptocurrency mining. The head office is located in Beijing, China, but it has offices around the world and is the largest in the mining world. While conducting large-scale mining by introducing a large number of machines dedicated to mining, we are also focusing on providing mining services such as mining pools and cloud mining.

In the development of mining machines, we sell our own product "Antminer" and have gained a high share in the world. Subsidiaries include Antpool and BTC.com. The entry of companies into mining has been pointed out as a concern that a few people will actually control the virtual currency for the virtual currency that aims for decentralized management.

BitMEX

BitMEX is a Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2014. One of the co-founders, Arthur Hayes, plays an active role as a central figure of BitMEX. Another co-founder, Ben Dero, is known for becoming the youngest self-made billionaire in British history. BitMEX is the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange for bitcoin leveraged trading, and its trading volume is also top class in the world. In addition to Bitcoin, it is also possible to perform FX with altcoins such as Ethereum (ETH), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Ripple (XRP), and EOS.

Bitlicense

Bitlicense is a state law on virtual currency and related businesses enforced in New York State. In order to operate a virtual currency exchange or provide custody services in New York State, it is essential to obtain a license (Bitlicense) issued by the New York Financial Services Department (NYDFS).

Currently, five companies are licensed: Circle, Ripple, Coinbase, bitFlyer USA, and Bitpay. New York, where Wall Street, the center of finance, is located, has great significance for the enactment of a law on virtual currency, and it is expected that it will develop into a global standard.

Bittrex

Bittrex is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Seattle, USA. Founded in 2014, Bill Shihara, who graduated from Microsoft's security division, is one of the co-founders and CEO. It is well-known among overseas exchanges, handling more than 200 types of virtual currencies, and is famous for handling a large number of altcoins, and is often compared to Binace. Shihara believes that Bittrex is aimed at sophisticated institutional investors and professional traders rather than individual customers, but individual cryptocurrency trading is possible.

Peercoin (PPC)

Peercoin (PPC) is a type of virtual currency. The world's first cryptocurrency to adopt Proof of Stake (PoS). Peercoin can be described as an eco-friendly Bitcoin.

The function is similar to Bitcoin, although the consensus algorithm is different. Employed by most cryptocurrencies, Proof of Work (PoW) requires a lot of power to add new blocks to the blockchain. Proof of Stake (PoS) was devised to solve this problem. PoS is a mechanism that increases the mining success rate according to the amount of peer coins held by each individual, and can reduce power consumption compared to PoW. In addition, there is a concern about inflation because there is no upper limit of issuance, but it is structured so that transaction fees are discarded without being passed on to miners, which also has the effect of deterring inflation.

P2P (Peer to Peer)

P2P stands for peer to peer. A type of network form that means "equal position". An unspecified number of users can directly exchange information without going through a specific server. The blockchain that supports the virtual currency is built by this P2P, and since people all over the world are involved in the management and operation of the blockchain, it operates 24 hours a day.

In existing financial networks, central servers such as banks and securities companies manage and operate ledger records, so it is necessary for the central server to intervene in transactions performed by users, limiting service usage time and handling fees. payment and remittance will be delayed. However, cryptocurrencies that move on a P2P-built blockchain can be traded directly between two parties, so they can be traded instantly and at low cost. In addition, there is no temporary suspension due to server maintenance, and you can trade 24 hours a day. International remittances, in particular, usually require a high fee and take several days to complete the remittance, but with bitcoin, the fee is close to zero and the remittance takes about 10 minutes.

Factom (FCT)

Factom (FCT) is a type of virtual currency. Leveraging the strengths of blockchain technology, we provide a service that can store a huge amount of general documents, as well as any kind of application or script, in the network at low cost and without fear of being tampered with.

Factom has managed to manage a huge amount of data on the blockchain by utilizing a sidechain that creates an extra layer of information. Factom is operated by Factom.Inc, and improvements are made for the consistent purpose of data management, so there is little concern about forking. The currency used for data management services within Factom is Entry Credits, which can be purchased or exchanged for Factoids (FCT). Factoid (FCT) is paid as a reward for the operation and management of Factom.

Factom can be purchased at the virtual currency exchange coin check in Japan.

FANG

FANG is an acronym for four major IT companies: Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and Google. A term coined by US investor Jim Cramer. Used to describe the world's leading and notable companies. On the other hand, there are also voices that criticize the tightening of regulations and monopolistic attitudes toward these powerful companies, which, for better or worse, reflects the modern industrial landscape. There are also coined words such as FAANG, which is FANG plus Apple, and FANNG, which is a major semiconductor company Nvidia. read as fang.

Fund of Funds

A fund of funds is an investment trust that targets multiple investment trusts. By skillfully combining the characteristics of each investment trust, for example, by combining multiple investment trusts with diversified risks, the range of risk management can be broadened, and on the other hand, high added value can be achieved by integrating investment trusts with sufficient earnings potential. investment trust can be realized.

Fundamentals

Fundamentals are indicators of the economic conditions of a country or region, or of an industry or company. It is also known as the “fundamental condition of the economy”. Economic growth rate, price increase rate (inflation rate), unemployment rate, fiscal balance (surplus rate/deficit rate), etc. are used as specific indicators for forming fundamentals for a given country or region.

On the other hand, sales, profits, liabilities, assets, and performance are used for a certain industry or company. In this way, the values ​​of stocks and bonds fluctuate greatly depending on the movement of fundamentals. Analyzing market trends using fundamentals is called fundamentals analysis. English is fundamental.

Fisco Virtual Currency Exchange

Fisco Virtual Currency Exchange is one of the virtual currency exchanges based in Japan. Established in 2016, an exchange operated by FISCO Virtual Currency Exchange Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange company certified by the Financial Services Agency. As the parent company FISCO Ltd. is a listed company, it is recognized as an exchange that can ensure transparency and high credibility.

Phishing

Phishing is the act of creating a disguised website, etc., and informing users of the link to it by email, SNS, or SMS. It is a fraudulent act that steals information after entering an ID and password.

It is not limited to virtual currency, but it is widely targeted to famous e-commerce sites, credit card sites, and even mail sites.

Fidelity Investments

Fidelity Investments is an investment management company headquartered in Boston, USA. Founded in 1946 by King Johnson II, the business has grown through family ownership. Established Tokyo office in 1969 as Japan's first foreign-affiliated asset management company, and currently operates in 24 countries around the world. Fidelity Digital Assets Service (FDAS), Fidelity's cryptocurrency-related subsidiary, is a company that is increasing its presence in the cryptocurrency industry, such as by working to provide cryptocurrency custody services.

Fibonacci Expansion

Fibonacci Expansion is a technical analysis that predicts the next target in a market where an upward or downward trend can be confirmed. Expansion means expansion and extension in English, and uses the Fibonacci sequence to predict the arrival point of the price.

In a market that shows a certain upward trend, Fibonacci retracement observes the extent of the market push (temporary decline), and then analyzes where the rise will reach with Fibonacci expansion. Slide the range (high-low) used in the Fibonacci retracement to a point starting from the bottom of the push. It can be predicted that the 100% fluctuation range point at that time is the price that will be reached. In this way, Fibonacci expansion can be said to be an analysis that applies Fibonacci retracement.

Fibonacci retracement

Fibonacci retracement is a technical analysis that analyzes the "push" or "return" of the market and the strength of the trend from the fluctuation range of the market over a certain period of time. The fluctuation range (difference between the lowest price and the highest price) observed in the market fluctuation for a certain period of time is assumed to be 100%, and the division ratio derived from the Fibonacci sequence is applied to predict the market trend. The split ratios mainly used for analysis are 38.2% and 61.8%, and the supplementary half, 50%.

For example, during a certain period of time, A shares rose from 1000 yen to 1500 yen. This fluctuation range of 500 yen is taken as 100%. In the case of a strong trend, the stock price will be pushed up to around 38.2% (stock price: 500 yen x 38.2% + 1000 yen = 1191 yen) and will continue to rise. On the other hand, in the case of a weak trend, the split ratio exceeds 50% and remains at around 61.8% (stock price: 1309 yen) and continues to rise again. If there is a further push, it is thought that the stock price will fall to the original level (stock price: 1000 yen).

FinTech

FinTech is a coined word that combines finance and technology. Combining financial services and information technology is expected to increase the liquidity of money and enable easy and safe asset management. Also known as financial technology.

FinHub

FinHub is a strategic hub established by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the purpose of promoting financial technology (fintech) and innovation. As a place to promote exchanges between industry players and the SEC in the Fintech field, we will strengthen cooperation with the SEC in Fintech-related fields such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital assets, and promote the safety of the cryptocurrency industry. and is expected to improve soundness. It is also believed that the SEC will strengthen the dissemination of information on SEC activities and function as a contact point for communicating with overseas regulatory authorities.

Huobi

Huobi is a Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange established in 2013. Founder and CEO Leon Lee. It is known as one of China's three major cryptocurrency exchanges, along with OKex and BTCChina. It is also actively working on new businesses such as the operation of Huobi Pool, which handles the cryptocurrency mining business, and the plan to launch a cryptocurrency exchange with the cryptocurrency EOS as its key currency. He is also actively expanding overseas, such as launching the virtual currency exchange “Huobi Russia” in Russia.

In 2018, we will enter the Japanese market by acquiring "Bittrade", which was a virtual currency exchange in Japan.

Unrealized gains

Unrealized gains are the state in which profits are generated in the value of owned assets (virtual currency, securities, real estate, etc.). It refers to the state before settlement, and in this state, taxes such as income tax and municipal tax do not occur.

Unrealized loss

Unrealized loss is a state in which loss is included in the value of owned assets (virtual currency, securities, real estate, etc.). An unrealized loss means that the provisional (unsold) asset value has declined compared to when it was purchased. For example, if a stock was purchased for 10,000 yen a year ago and is currently trading at 8,000 yen, the stock held has an unrealized loss of 2,000 yen (10,000 yen - 8,000 yen). Actual losses will depend on future market trends and asset owners' decisions.

Private Chain

A private chain is a form of blockchain management. A blockchain managed and operated by a single central administrator. By speeding up consensus building, it is possible to speed up transactions, reduce fees, and increase the anonymity of personal information because there is a management entity.

Because virtual currency is decentralized, it can deal with various problems faced and provide more practical services. On the other hand, there are also voices of concern that the existence of a central administrator effectively shuts down internal information, and that it will converge on the same concept as the existing financial system.

Bridge currency

Bridge currency is a general term for currencies that act as a bridge when exchanging different types of currencies. Bridge currencies are used to solve problems such as the inability to directly convert currency A to currency B or the high cost of conversion. Specifically, exchange from currency A to the bridge currency, and then exchange the bridge currency to currency B to achieve the exchange from currency A to currency B. Ripple is famous as a representative of bridge currency in virtual currency.

PoI (Proof of Importance)

PoI (Proof of Importance) is a type of system that maintains and manages virtual currency. A mechanism in which the probability of receiving a reward changes depending on the importance (Importance) calculated by the amount of virtual currency held and the transaction frequency. In PoI, PoW participants adopted in Bitcoin etc. are called "mining", whereas in PoI they are called "harvesting", and for "miners" are called "harvest".

In PoW, those with high-performance computers are superior, and there were problems of increased power consumption and 51% attacks. In addition, in PoS, those with a large amount of currency had an advantage in obtaining rewards, so there was concern that the gap in financial strength would widen and liquidity would decline. PoI is expected as a mechanism to improve these two shortcomings. NEM (XEM) is famous for adopting PoI.

PoC (Proof of Consensus)

PoC (Proof of Consensus) is a type of system that maintains and manages virtual currency. A system that secures the credibility of a currency by selecting an individual or company (Validator) that manages the blockchain by the issuer of the currency. This overcomes the problems of excessive power consumption, transaction delays, and transaction price increases seen in PoW. On the one hand, it has a centralized nature.

PoS (Proof of Stake)

PoS (Proof of Stake) is a type of system that maintains and manages virtual currency. Depending on the amount of virtual currency held (stake), there is a feature that it is easier to obtain rewards for work related to maintenance and management of virtual currency. As a result, PoW's systemic flaws, such as the fear of centralization (those with a large number of high-performance computers can manipulate virtual currency) and the large consumption of electricity, have been resolved.

PoW (Proof of Work)

PoW (Proof of Work) is a type of system that maintains and manages virtual currency. With cryptocurrencies, the reliability of the currency is maintained by the fact that transactions are approved without fraud and the block chain is generated, but this work takes time and money (electricity bills and dedicated PCs) costs. Virtual currency is given as a reward for work (mining). Many people will participate and carry out PoW according to this economic incentive.

Flash crash

A flash crash is a momentary drop in the stock market. It is often translated as a momentary plunge or a momentary crash. A term generally used in the stock market, the 2010 Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged to $1,000 (9%), the largest drop in history, and is commonly referred to as the flash crash. It became so.

A flash crash is a momentary drop that quickly returns to its original level. In the cryptocurrency world, the potential for flash crashes is higher than in the stock market because the market is still immature, and there is no circuit breaker system to cap price movements up and down. A crash may occur.

FullNode

FullNode is a node that downloads and verifies all (full) transaction data. Virtual currency is supported by an unspecified number of nodes, but not all nodes store past transaction data, and it is possible to view it by accessing the full node.

Block

A block is a collection of transaction data. Blocks are created by miners and added to the blockchain. In the case of Bitcoin, one block is formed every 10 minutes, and the capacity of a block is 1MB. The creation speed and data capacity of these blocks differ for each blockchain.

Block size

Block size is the capacity to process cryptocurrency transactions at once. Block chains are generated in the process of approving virtual currency transactions, but the volume of transactions (block size) that can fit into one block differs for each virtual currency. (ex. Bitcoin 1MB per block)

Blockstream

Blockstream is a Canadian-based blockchain research and development company. It was founded in 2014 by cryptographer Adam Back, who is known as the creator of PoW (Proof of Work), the core technology of Bitcoin, among co-founders. Research and product development aimed at building a financial infrastructure based on Bitcoin. Mainly develops innovative projects aimed at solving Bitcoin scalability problems and strengthening privacy and security. For example, we are actively involved in the development of the sidechain solution Lightning Network, and we are working on a project called "Blockstream Satellite," a satellite-based bitcoin transaction aimed at building an internet-independent bitcoin network. Trends always attract attention.

Blockchain

A blockchain is a database shared on a network by multiple nodes. In the context of cryptocurrency, distributed ledger is a database that records transaction history. Under the agreement of multiple nodes, it has a structure in which transaction records are formed in blocks at regular intervals and connected in a chain. Main features include correct recording, no tampering (even if tampered with, it is easy to detect), and no system failure. It is the core technology for managing virtual currency.

The innovativeness of blockchain is that it can maintain reliability without management, which could not be guaranteed without central management. A typical example is currency, but of course many other services can be substituted. Therefore, the field of bitcoin and virtual currency is not only about whether it can replace currency, but also has the potential to change existing technology and, broadly speaking, the framework of society. Many companies are developing

The field of virtual currency and blockchain is focused only on price movements, but on the other hand, it can be said that expectations are rising in terms of technological innovation.

Blockchain.info

Blockchain.info is a website that provides services and information about virtual currencies. Mainly, you can use web wallet (including mobile version), check transaction data of coins you own, charts on market price and market capitalization, various statistical information on transaction volume and average block size. . Founded in 2011 in the UK, Blockchain.info is one of the oldest companies in the Bitcoin market and is famous as one of the world's largest wallet companies.

Blockchain Promotion Association (BCCC)

The Blockchain Promotion Association (BCCC) is an organization that promotes the social contribution of blockchain technology. While the Japan Blockchain Association is characterized by the legal development and revision of laws, the Blockchain Promotion Association is characterized by its active research and development efforts such as demonstration experiments of blockchain technology and information sharing on the latest technology. “Zen” was developed by the Blockchain Promotion Association as a virtual currency linked to the Japanese yen. He is active in the spread of blockchain technology such as “Blockchain College” and “Blockchain Skill Test”.

Blockchain skill test

The blockchain skill test is Japan's first test to measure the knowledge and skill level of blockchain. It is operated by the Blockchain Promotion Association and can be taken online. It is expected that it will be used as an indicator of corporate recruitment standards in response to the increasing demand for blockchain-related human resources.

Basic Attention Token (BAT)

Basic Attention Token is a virtual currency developed (ICO at ERC20) on the Ethereum blockchain. Basic Attention Token is a project that aims to change the existing business model in the web browser industry.

Web browsers can make a profit by collecting advertising fees from advertisers, but Brave, a web browser dedicated to BAT transactions, provides a service in which BAT is paid to users who see advertisements. . And we aim to build a token economy that can use BAT as a currency.

Paywall

A paywall is a method of operating a website. A system in which access to content on a website is charged, and access rights are granted only to users who have paid the usage fee. This makes it possible to differentiate services on the Web and use the Web site as a more profitable business tool. It has high utility value in businesses that mainly sell information content and video content such as movies and dramas.

Payment Channel

A payment channel is a route (channel) for off-chain transactions. Allows transactions between two parties without going through the blockchain. Essential for off-chain transactions that enable micropayments such as Lightning Network (LN).

PayPal

PayPal is a type of online payment service. Founded in 1998 by Peter Thiel, who has a great influence in Silicon Valley. Although not so well known in Japan, it is a huge online payment service with over 200 million users worldwide.

The major feature is the credit card payment using the account (PayPal account) linked to the user's email address, which can reduce the hassle of entering card information and security risks when purchasing products. . Users can make payments simply by entering their email address and password at the time of payment, and in the event of trouble, they will enter into arbitration and provide refund support. Recently, we are also focusing on providing services such as person-to-person remittances and payments that can be made directly from bank accounts without going through credit cards.

Petro (Petro / PRT)

Petro is a type of virtual currency. A virtual currency issued by the Venezuelan government through an ICO. It is the first initiative in the world to promote the circulation of virtual currency with the government taking the initiative. It is a cryptocurrency backed by oil, Venezuela's main industry, and guarantees the value of 1 petro = 1 barrel (160L) of crude oil.

Venezuela has been suffering from hyperinflation since around 2010 and is facing the risk of financial collapse. Against such a serious economic situation, the Venezuelan government is trying to find the intention of solving the virtual currency. However, there is a view that the Petro was simply used as a means of foreign currency income by ICOs, and there are suspicions of theft of cryptocurrency dash technology, and its credibility is uncertain.

Legal currency

Legal currency is a currency that has legal force as a means of payment used for everyday shopping and tax payment. Those currencies are stipulated by the laws of each country, and it is not possible to refuse to receive legal tender used as a means of payment. In Japan, there are Bank of Japan notes (bills) issued by the Bank of Japan and coins issued by the government. Bank of Japan notes, in particular, are controlled by the Bank of Japan in terms of the number of issued notes and the amount of circulation. Fiat in English

Hot wallet (hot storage)

A hot wallet (hot storage) is a wallet that manages virtual currency online. As long as virtual currency is stored online, the risk of hacking is not zero, but it is said that the risk is extremely limited (excluding virtual currency exchanges). It is convenient to access virtual currency easily in trading and buying and selling. Many of the hacking of virtual currency exchanges are attacks aimed at this hot wallet operation department, and it can be said that it exploits the point that it is extremely difficult to operate if it is compatible with cold wallets.

Hold

Hold is an investment strategy, also known as buy and hold. Buying financial assets such as stocks for the purpose of long-term holding. In contrast to day trading and other investment methods that profit from short-term holdings, it is necessary to identify assets that can be expected to grow over the long term without worrying about short-term price movements.

White Paper

A white paper is a blueprint or conceptual diagram of virtual currency. It is generally recognized as a word that means official documents and reports, but in the virtual currency industry, it means a document that describes the details of the system of each virtual currency and the future vision. Virtual currency white papers are open to the public on the web and basically can be viewed freely, and these are also useful as a basis for deciding which virtual currency an individual should hold.

Volatility

Volatility is the rate of change in the price of a financial product over a period of time. In general, commodities with high price volatility are judged to be risky and are described as "high volatility."

Bollinger Bands

Bollinger Bands measure the volatility of the market based on past price fluctuation data for a certain period of time, and determine the momentum and reversal of the price movement. technical indicators. A band is formed around the price movement to indicate the area of ​​price fluctuation. Three bands are used: ±1σ, which is one times the standard deviation (sigma = σ) of past data, ±2σ, which is two times, and ±3σ, which is three times. Large price movements widen the band width, while small fluctuations narrow the band width. Also, when the price movement crosses the ±2σ to ±3σ region of the band, it is expected that a trend reversal will occur.

Portfolio theory

Portfolio theory refers to the theory of reducing investment risk by diversifying investments. The "diversification effect" that can reduce the risk of one's own portfolio by holding multiple assets, and the "correlation effect" that can offset the risk by incorporating stocks with opposite price movements into the portfolio, etc. It is known as a concrete methodology that constitutes portfolio theory. Economist Harry Markowitz is used to refer to the theory in general that originates from the Nobel Prize-winning research "Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT)".

Position

Position is the position of an investor in the stock or bond market. A buying position is a state in which the strategy is to buy at a low price and then sell at a high price in anticipation of a rise in asset value. is referred to as a sell position.

Position Talk

Position talk is talking about the advantages of a position and thereby trying to move the market in your favor. In general, it refers to individuals who hold a particular position passing on information that benefits them or talking about how they can gain benefits from a subjective point of view. In a bad sense, by disseminating information containing uncertain or false information, it may mean a story to guide the market in a direction that is advantageous to you, and this may be a criminal act (spreading rumors). be. Therefore, there is a general perception that excessive position talk should be avoided.

Poloniex

Poloniex is a cryptocurrency exchange based in the United States. Founded in 2014 by Tristan Dacosta. Poloniex is one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges in the world, trading over 60 cryptocurrencies. You can find many altcoins that are not available on Japanese exchanges, but they do not support Japanese.

Poloniex offers its customers a high level of security with two-factor authentication (strong two-factor authentication), convenient technical analysis tools, low transaction fees (0-0.25%), and over 140 currency exchanges. provide a combination of Users can increase the withdrawal limit by providing more personal information such as ID and home address during new registration. A typical feature of Poloniex is the inability to use fiat currency in its system. Therefore, users make transactions using altcoins. As a distinctive service, there is lending that allows you to receive interest by lending virtual currency to others. Also called polo.

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My EtherWallet

MyEtherWallet is a free wallet service that allows you to manage Ethereum (ETH) and ERC20 tokens. Instead of storing the private key on the web server, print it on your own PC or paper and store the private key. If you enter the private key from your PC or smartphone, you can trade on the Ethereum blockchain at any time. It is also abbreviated as MEW.

Michael Novogratz

Mike Novogratz is a giant in the US hedge fund world and a big investor in the cryptocurrency industry. He is from Goldman Sachs. Founded and CEO of Galaxy Digital, a virtual currency investment company. His activities as an investor to promote the transformation of the virtual currency industry, such as investment in BitGo, which provides virtual currency custody services in the United States, are attracting attention. His remarks are often optimistic, raising the motivation of the cryptocurrency industry.

Mining

Mining is a series of processes in which a new block is generated (transaction approval) on the blockchain of a certain virtual currency, and virtual currency is received in return. This process is called mining, likening it to gold mining.

The management and operation of virtual currency requires the participation of a large number of nodes, and the provision of virtual currency is a motivation for them to perform these tasks. Only one person (one node) can get a reward for one block generation, and the probability of being selected as that person is completely random, but the faster the computing speed of the individual's PC, the higher the probability. The unit that expresses the mining speed is called hash rate, which indicates how many hashes can be calculated per second (Hash/s). Notations include Hs, KHs which is 1000 times Hs, and MHs which is 1000 times that.

Various cryptocurrencies have different mining methods, such as PoW, PoS, and PoI. Above all, mining using PoI is called harvesting. Individuals who mine in this way are called miners.

Mining Farm

A mining farm is a company that conducts mining as a business. A company that attempts to generate profits by arranging thousands of PCs necessary for mining in warehouses and factories and performing mining at ultra-high speed. In order to keep costs down, the important conditions for setting up a mining farm are low electricity costs and land prices, and cold land that allows efficient cooling. However, the oligopoly of mining by mining farms has been criticized as denying the original goal of a decentralized currency, and environmental concerns have been raised due to the high power consumption. there is

Mining Pool

Mining in which multiple miners cooperate and profits are distributed according to the degree of mining contribution (hash rate). Mining basically has high performance of equipment such as PC (fast calculation speed), that is, the more expensive the equipment, the more advantageous it can be done, but when many people participate in mining, personal equipment While the amount of investment in virtual currency increases, the amount of virtual currency received decreases, creating a problem of unprofitability. There, miners build cooperative relationships, and regardless of who succeeds in mining, the profits are distributed according to the contribution of the members.

Mining rigs

A mining rig is a set of equipment and devices (rigs) made specifically for mining. Mining can be done on commonly used PCs, but such PCs themselves were not designed with mining in mind, so the power required for mining is small. Therefore, miners are creating their own mining rigs, thinking that they can earn more revenue by creating PCs that only have the functions necessary for mining. In general, the demand for mining rigs is so high that companies that manufacture and sell PCs sell them.

Mt.Gox Incident

The Mt.Gox Incident was the first large-scale hacking incident in the history of cryptocurrencies. Mt. Gox was a cryptocurrency exchange based in Shibuya, Tokyo, which carried out about 70% of the world's bitcoin transactions. In 2014, as a result of a large-scale cyber attack, the company lost 750,000 BTC and 2.8 billion yen deposited by customers, and 100,000 BTC owned by the company, leading to bankruptcy. Eventually, the website and all services were suspended, and the bankruptcy proceedings were filed with the court, but after that, the company was on the road to civil rehabilitation. Future progress is unclear.

MasterNode

MasterNode is the name of a node that can automatically receive a certain amount of virtual currency as a reward. The mechanism is similar to the distribution of dividends in the stock market, and by holding a certain amount of virtual currency holdings, you can set up a masternode and automatically receive the virtual currency. Not all virtual currencies have a masternode mechanism, and famous ones include Dash and Triggers.

Money Laundering

Money laundering is the obfuscation of the source and direct beneficiaries of illicit funds obtained through tax evasion, drug trafficking and criminal transactions. To do so, use accounts in other people's names, start up fictitious companies (paper companies), or make large investments in stocks. Translated as money laundering in Japanese, it refers to the act of cleaning dirty money obtained by crime and making it available for use. Money laundering is a fraudulent act and is subject to criminal prosecution. It is also called Manelon for short.

Multisig (multiple signatures)

Multisig stands for multisignatures. A mechanism that requires multiple people's private keys to decrypt encrypted information. This is expected to significantly improve security over information protected by a single private key (single sig). Cryptocurrency transactions require transaction signatures, access to which is protected by private keys. If the private key is stolen, it means that the virtual currency is lost. Along with HTLC, it is one of the technologies used in the Lightning Network.

Meetup

A meetup is a meeting to report on the progress and results of a project, or a briefing session for a new project. The term “meetup” is often used at many briefings on virtual currency.

Deemed business operators

Deemed business operators are businesses that are applying for registration or are planning to be registered in businesses that require registration and approval with government agencies.

In 2017, the Financial Services Agency defined a company that trades and sells virtual currency as a "virtual currency exchange company" and started a registration system for virtual currency exchange companies. As a result, operating an unregistered exchange or sales office is illegal. However, businesses that had already started their business when the registration system started but were not approved for registration were allowed to continue their business. Businesses that fall under this category are deemed business operators. The services of these businesses had already spread widely and had many customers before the start of the registration system.

As of February 2019, there are 17 virtual currency exchange companies registered with the Financial Services Agency, 14 under the jurisdiction of the Kanto Local Finance Bureau and 3 under the jurisdiction of the Kinki Local Finance Bureau. There are Minna no Bitcoin Co., Ltd., etc.

Mini Golden Cross

A mini golden cross is a buy signal required by technical analysis. A cross where the short-term moving average crosses the medium-term moving average from bottom to top. Since it is calculated based on a shorter moving average line than the moving average line used for the golden cross, it is called a mini golden cross as opposed to the golden cross.

MimbleWimble

MimbleWimble is a technology developed to achieve anonymity and scalability. Since there is no wallet address on MimbleWimble, no remittance information is sent to the node and all transactions are anonymized by default. Since the amount of information recorded in blocks is reduced accordingly, transactions can be executed smoothly. In this way, it can be said that this technology has both anonymity and scalability. Mimblewimble is a quote from the mouth-sealing spell in Harry Potter, and the inventor of this technology is an anonymous person who calls himself "Lord Voldemort". Cryptocurrencies that implement MimbleWimble include Grin and Beam, which began operation in 2019.

Moon

Virtual currency slang meaning that the price of virtual currency will rise and continue to rise until the moon (to the extent that it goes to). It is often used as to the moon.

Metcalfe's Law

The law that states that the value of network communications is proportional to the square of the number of users using the network.

It was invented by Dr. Robert Metcalfe, the founder of 3Com and the inventor of Ethernet. Tom Lee, CEO of Fundstrat, a US market research firm, predicted the price fluctuations of cryptocurrencies using a valuation model devised based on Metcalfe's Law.

Return (return)

Return (return) is a temporary rise seen in a market that shows a downward trend. When a price decline is seen in a certain market, the decline does not fall by drawing a simple straight line or curve, but rises while a certain constant rise occurs in small steps. This small temporary rise is called a return eye. Selling at the timing of this return is called "return selling".

Monacoin

Monacoin is a type of virtual currency. It is a virtual currency published on the bulletin board "2ch", and the name comes from the popular character "Mona" on 2ch. Japan's first cryptocurrency based on Litecoin. It is practical and has a strong community, such as the world's first implementation of Segwit and the abundance of physical stores that accept Monacoin payments (Monapay).

In 2018, an attack damaged the exchange and unwound the blockchain.

Monero (Monero / XMR)

Monero is a type of virtual currency. It has very similar properties to Bitcoin, but makes users and their transactions more secure and anonymous.

The Monero Ledger, unlike blockchain, does not record the actual stealth addresses between the parties to a transaction. A one-time address is generated and recorded, but not linked to the party's actual address. All Monero transactions made between two parties are grouped with other transactions that occur between two unrelated parties. Monero splits the transaction and sends it as multiple pieces, and the split parts are treated and processed as separate transactions.

Monero's popularity isn't just because it's getting attention from the black market, but because it's backed by many people who don't want to be monitored by governments, corporations, or hackers.

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Contract

Contract means placing an order to buy or sell, and the transaction is executed. If the transaction is not executed, it is said to be unexecuted. In general, it means that some kind of transaction is concluded, and it is especially established as a term for financial transactions.

Utility Token

A utility token is a type of token. Utility means utility, tokens used to build and run a project or to access the services provided by a project. Tokens used in ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) are utility tokens.

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RaidenNetwork (Raiden Network / RDN)

The Raiden Network is a type of virtual currency. The Raiden Network is a project aimed at improving the processing speed of Ethereum and lowering transaction fees, and the unit of tokens issued by the ICO is RDN. It is attracting attention as a countermeasure to the scalability problem of Ethereum.

Litecoin (Litecoin / LTC)

Litecoin is a type of virtual currency, and was established in 2011 by former Google engineer Charlie Lee as the second oldest virtual currency after Bitcoin. It has been developed. What makes it stand out is the various functions it has improved over Bitcoin. It is designed to be four times faster than Bitcoin (BTC is 10 minutes, LTC is 2.5 minutes), and the maximum number of issuance is four times as high as 81 million (21 million Bitcoin). It uses encryption technology different from Bitcoin, making mining possible even at home, and has specifications that are more practical as a currency than Bitcoin.

Lightning Network (LN)

Lightning Network (LN) is a technology that enhances the liquidity of cryptocurrencies. Regular transactions of virtual currencies have scalability problems such as slow transaction speeds and soaring transaction costs. By expanding payment channels (communication channels that allow a certain amount of transactions outside the blockchain to record only the final cryptocurrency transaction results on the blockchain), the Lightning Network can be used outside the blockchain. Enable transactions through third parties. As a result, although the transaction on the blockchain is performed only once, the cost per transaction can be effectively reduced for multiple transactions.

Also See: Lightning Network for Humans? What are the possibilities of the “invisible economy”?

Rakuten Wallet

Rakuten Wallet is a business company operated by the Rakuten Group and was registered as a virtual currency exchange business with the Financial Services Agency in March 2019. Rakuten Group will enter the cryptocurrency business in the form of acquiring Minna no Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency exchange originally operated by Traders Investment Co., Ltd. We will develop a virtual currency business by making good use of existing businesses such as a 24-hour consultation and inquiry support service using AI and a convenient and easy account opening method in cooperation with Rakuten Bank. The exchange is scheduled to launch in summer 2019.

Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware). PCs infected with ransomware are restricted in certain ways, such as blocking certain operations or being unable to open files. It is called ransomware from malware that demands a ransom by holding a PC or the data in the PC hostage.

Interest rate hike

A rate hike is when the central bank raises the policy rate. Mostly in developed countries, interest rate hikes are aimed at curbing excessive economic activity. With the interest rate hike, corporate loans from banks will become more expensive, so capital investment will be curtailed, and individuals will refrain from excessive consumption. As a result, we can put the brakes on the economy. In particular, interest rate hikes by the FRB (the central bank of the United States) have a significant impact on the global economy, and the movements of the FRB are always the focus of attention.

Reorg (reorganization)

Reorg (reorganization) is to converge once branched blockchains into one again. Branching occurs spontaneously in the blockchain system, but the longer block remains as the official blockchain, and the shorter one is deleted. Such a convergence of blockchains is called a reorg. On the other hand, in virtual currencies that adopt PoW, it is sometimes seen as a problem that a group with high computing power intentionally reorgs for the purpose of taking over the network. It is also written as Reorg (Reorganization).

Rikaku

Refers to selling the actual asset with a profit, or making a settlement with unrealized gains such as FX. A similar word is rigui.

Liquid

Liquid is a cryptocurrency exchange based in Japan. Established in 2014, an exchange operated by QUOINE Co., Ltd., a virtual currency exchange company certified by the Financial Services Agency. The company had been managing the virtual currency exchange “QUOINE” in Japan and “QRYPTOS” in Singapore, but in September 2018, the two exchanges were integrated and renewed as “Liquid”. A feature of Liquid is a function called "multi-market order book" that allows orders in Japanese yen to be reflected on the US dollar trading board, enabling transactions denominated in different currencies. This is expected to increase trading liquidity compared to conventional trading.

Lisk (risk / LSK)

Lisk is a type of virtual currency. It is a decentralized development platform that uses smart contracts. Javascript is used as the programming language. There is a similar virtual currency, Ethereum, which uses its own language, solidity, but Javascript is more widely used, so it will motivate Javascript developers to develop on a decentralized network. are doing. Lisk then implements independent blockchains (sidechains) on its network that provide security and a certain level of autonomy for developers. Developers can control this sidechain at will, so any mistakes on that sidechain should not affect Lisk's network. Sidechains are customizable, allowing users to create their own tokens or build applications on top of sidechains. These features are intended to bring convenience to users and developers and bring more people into the network.

Risk-on / Risk-off

Risk-on or risk-off is an expression that expresses market trends. When the market shows a willingness to take risks, it is expressed as “risk on.” When expectations for the future of economic trends, such as the resolution of disputes and the invention of new technologies, increase, funds are transferred to relatively high-risk assets. represents market trends that are likely to occur. On the other hand, a risk-averse stance is expressed as risk-off, and represents a situation in which funds are likely to be transferred to safe assets when concerns about future economic trends such as trade wars and industrial decline grow.

For example, the expression ``10 years after the Lehman Brothers collapse, the global market is becoming more risk-on'' suggests that the flow of funds to the safe asset dollar and industries in developed countries is declining to the currencies of emerging countries and , means to change the flow to industries in developing countries, and it can be seen that positive economic growth can be expected worldwide. Alternatively, it can also be considered as a word to call on caution to investor psychology that has become eccentric about market failures such as the Lehman shock.

Risk hedging

Risk hedging means risk avoidance. An act to reduce the risk of asset management when losses are expected due to large fluctuations in the market price. In general, it can be said that taking out insurance in preparation for accidents and illnesses that may occur in the future is a type of risk hedging.

Ripple (Ripple / XRP)

Ripple is a type of virtual currency. Ripple is the name of systems and networks developed for the purpose of improving the speed and fees of cross-border (international) remittances, as well as the name of the company that operates them.

The currency used on the Ripple network is called XRP, but in Japan XRP is sometimes mixed with Ripple. A major feature of Ripple is that it has the potential to dramatically improve traditional remittance systems. By using XRP as a bridge currency that bridges various currencies, Ripple can realize cheap and quick international remittances, and is attracting attention as a system that enables the construction of a single global financial network.

In 2012, the number of issued tokens will reach the upper limit of 100 billion XRP, and since all of them have already been issued, there will be no new issues.

Also recommended: What is the virtual currency Ripple (XRP) [Coin Telegraph commentary article]

Libra

Libra is the project name of a service using blockchain technology promoted by Facebook, and the name of the currency to be issued. Many giant companies are planning to provide support, from major payment companies such as MasterCard, VISA, and PayPal to music service companies such as Spotify, and the progress of the project is attracting attention. The service is scheduled to start in 2020.

Replay protection

Replay protection is a function that prevents one transaction from being approved on a different blockchain (replay attack). If a different blockchain with similar properties occurs during a hard fork, a malicious user can execute a replay attack and illegally acquire virtual currency. In order to prevent such a situation, replay attacks can be prevented by devising ways to distinguish transactions between each blockchain. Such a function is called replay protection.

Ryuk

Ryuk is a type of ransomware. After encrypting a user's drive, Ryuk leaves a "note" with a ransom demand. This process is called Ryuk because it resembles the story of Ryuk, the god of death who appears in the manga Death Note, dropping Death Note, which can kill humans, into the human world. Victims will be able to use their PC normally by fulfilling the requests written in the note.

Secondary market

The secondary market is a market where securities such as bonds and stocks that have already been issued are traded. Markets that handle securities can be divided into two categories, the primary market and the secondary market, based on their functions. The primary market is a market where securities issued for the purpose of raising funds are first acquired from the issuer to investors. The secondary market is a market in which the securities that were originally acquired are traded from time to time.

Ledger

Ledger is a company based in France, the United States, and Hong Kong that develops products that can safely store virtual currencies. The Ledger Nano S is known as the company's hardware wallet. In general, it is difficult to collectively manage multiple virtual currencies, requiring a dedicated wallet for each virtual currency. However, Ledger's products are highly evaluated not only for their safety but also for their convenience, such as the ability to collectively manage multiple virtual currencies in addition to major currencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple.

Ledger Nano

Ledger Nano is a hardware wallet manufactured and sold by Ledger. Ledger Nano X and Ledger Nano S, which can store virtual currency offline in a device the size of a USB memory, are on sale and have gained high popularity in the virtual currency industry. Other products include the Ledger Blue, which can be operated via a touchscreen.

Leverage trading

Leverage trading is a transaction that is several times the amount of the principal (your own funds). Even small amounts can be traded in large amounts, so while you can greatly increase your assets, there is also the risk of incurring a large loss that exceeds the original amount. Leverage means "lever", and it is called leveraged trading because it introduced the principle of moving a large thing with a small force into trading. If you say "5 times leverage trading is possible", you can trade 5 times the original amount.

Discouraging selling

Discouraging is selling your holdings in a hurry in response to a sudden drop in stock prices. When faced with unpredictable stock market trends, many investors panic, calmly analyze the information and find out what the cause is, so as to reduce the loss that may occur by continuing to hold as it is. I want to As a result, I have to sell it as soon as possible, and I am in a hurry to let go of the stock. It also means the mental state of the stock market as a whole and its phenomenon.

Roger Ver

Roger Ver is known as the "God of Bitcoin" and was one of the first to invest in Bitcoin in the first half of 2011. Not only has he invested millions of dollars in various crypto-related startups, but his company was the first to accept bitcoin as a payment method. Recently, he has been a speaker at various Bitcoin-related conferences and meetings.

Loss cut

Loss cut is an asset management method that minimizes significant losses in asset management. A mechanism that avoids (cuts) losses that exceed a predetermined level through automatic settlement when the price of the asset held falls below a predetermined level.

For example, in FX, with margin of 10,000 yen and leverage of 25 times (250,000 yen), buy 2500 dollars when 1 dollar = 100 yen. After that, 1 dollar = 97 yen, and the unrealized loss is 75,000 yen (242,5000 - 250,000 yen). In other words, the unrealized loss accounts for 75% of the margin, and if the dollar weakens as it is, not only will you lose the entire amount, but there may be a shortage of money. In order to avoid such a possible large loss, it is decided in advance at what percentage of the margin balance (margin maintenance rate) the transaction will be forcibly terminated.

In the above example, the margin maintenance rate is at a level of 25%, so if the loss cut is set to be executed at a margin maintenance rate of 25%, when 1 dollar = 97 yen will be automatically settled.

Long

To be long means to buy or hold a long position in a financial instrument. It means that profits are made when the market price rises. There are various theories about the origin of long, but one of the reasons why it is beneficial is that the market trend takes time to rise.

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